1. World Water Resources
Asheesh/Eng2010

2. World Water Challenges
a) Water scarcity
b) Lack of accessibility
c) Water quality deterioration
d) Fragmentation of water management
e) Decline of financial resources
f) Lack of awareness by decision makers
g) Endangering world peace and security
Asheesh/Eng2006

3. Water Scarcity Evolution of Water Shortages (1995-2075)
SEI - Criticality index
(Source: WaterGAP)
Asheesh/Eng2006

4. Global Population Population in billions Year High variant14
High variant 12
Medium variant 10
Low variant 8 6 4 2
Year
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Asheesh/Eng2006

5. Lack of accessibility
1.2 Billion people lack access to clean drinking water
2-3 Billion lack adequate sanitation
4.0 Billion without sewerage service
5-10 Million deaths caused by water problems per year
Asheesh/Eng2006

6. Water Quality Deterioration
Industrial and Communal Wastewater affect water supply
Irrigation leads to pollution and salinization
Severe impact on human health and environmental quality
Asheesh/Eng2006

7. Decline of Financial Resources
Reduction of international development assistance, national programs and private sector investments since latter part 1980’s.
Failure to recognize water as an economic good contributes to under-investment
Need for new funds and updated development schemes.
Asheesh/Eng2006

8. Global Aspect
263 river basins in the world, shared by two or more countries
Moreover, nearly fifty countries have seventy-five percent or more of their total land area within shared river basins.
Thirty five to forty percent of the world's population lives in these basins.
Since environmental problems do not respect national boundaries, nations are searching for appropriate legal and institutional rules and tools to protect and manage these resources.
Everybody downstream
Asheesh/Eng2006

9. Crossboundary Water Resources
Discharge from transbounday flow
Recharge contributing to transboundary flow
Transboundary flow direction
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY
Asheesh/Eng2006

10. The Case of the Basin of the Jordan River and West Bank Aquifer
Sovereign rights  a fair and equitable solution
Conflict of distrust
Underground aquifers:
a simple analogy from surface water of rivers flowing into a lake is scientifically unsound
Data and information gaps: centralization and control
International Observers &Joint Commission (IJC) is recommended
Tools can be applied e.g. minimize water use
Asheesh/Eng2006

11. Categories of Scarcity
Index1
(m3 per capita)
Category/
Condition1
index2
Condition2
>1700
No stress
<1000
Scarcity
Stress
<1667
>1667
Abundance
<500
Absolute scarcity
Asheesh/Eng2006

12. Global Aspects Asheesh/Eng2006 Country
Amount of fresh water m3/cap. x103
Canada
94,4
England
1,2
USA
8,9
Kenia
0,7
China
2,2
Israel
0,3
India
1,9
Egypt
0,04
Finland
21,3
Asheesh/Eng2006

13. Conclusions
rules and conventions on sharing international water resources are ‘frameworks’:
Room for interpretation
Enforcement limitation
Asheesh/Eng2006

14. Water resources balance parameters
calculated for a state or riparian states can be divided into four major groups:
(i) System Input Volume (ii) System Output Used Volume, (iii) System Output Losses, (iv) System Output to Environment.
Asheesh/Eng2006

15. Asheesh/Eng2006 System Input Volume Available Water Outlet
Underground water
Desalinated water
External input/
Imported water
Rain water
Water
re-use
Surface water
Available Water
Outlet
Recycle
SYSTEM OUTPUT LOSSES
SYSTEM OUTPUT VOLUME
Evaporation
& Transpiration
Green Services
Domestic use
Losses
Distribution
Industrial use
Irrigation
Environment
Water bodies
Asheesh/Eng2006
Drainage Outflow
(blue water flow)

16. Scarcity index
Asheesh/Eng2006

17. Where: Wsci. Scarcity index if it is negative :
Where: Wsci Scarcity index if it is negative : Income to system (A or B riparian) : Annual domestic demand (m3/p.a) : Demand for the green areas (m3/p.a), this depends on inhabitation growth : Demand for irrigation (m3/p.a) : = Ln (1+r) the growth rate matrix t: Length of the time for which the estimation is made, the period can be calculated as the difference between the set of time the estimated future (t-k); : Population when t = 0 t: Present time h: Yearly evaporation amount of water depending on climate of country and area b: Water needs for maintaining the environment depending on the length of the river. k: Estimated losses p: Industrial demand in percentage depending on country structure, its value can be determined as percent of the domestic demand
Asheesh/Eng2006

18. Sovereign rights  a fair and equitable solution Conflict of distrust
Conclusions
Rules and conventions on sharing international water resources are ‘frameworks’:
Room for interpretation
Enforcement limitation
Sovereign rights  a fair and equitable solution
Conflict of distrust
Data and information gaps: centralization and control of the data
International Observers &Joint Commission (IJC) is recommended
Asheesh/Eng2006

19. Asheesh/Eng2006 Water Available ILC Non-navigational conventions/UN/
1997
Water Available
Problem Identification
Quality
Conflicts & political dispute
Tools &Rules
Quantity
Technical
factual disagreement
conflict goal
Technology
old/new
International agreements/ conventions
relational aspects
Water allocation
Water re-use
water treatment plants
Technical tools/water utilities
Social, cultural & religion
IJC/IJC observers
Helsinki Rules/1966
water losses
water accounting/ WEAS
water saving
Others, Transporting from other countries/ no harm
distribution
evaporation
poverty
sewage& wastewater
local natural conditions
unsustainable water
with drawls
Arid & semi arid
climate
population growth
Industrial & agricultural output
Institutional
Basic requirements
Government water policy
Customers
Utilities level
Operational requirements
Transboundary water resources cases
Asheesh/Eng2006