1. What factors shape our personality ?
Innate? Learned? Goal oriented?

2. How Stable is Personality?

3. Biological Foundations of Traits
Level of arousal and motivation
Moderate heritability of traits
Genetic influences on neurotransmitters ( serotonin)
Keywords:

4. Twin Studies Genetic Factors – 40 %
Non-Shared Environmental factors – 27 %
Shared Environment- 7 %
Error – 26 %
Both twins shared 100 identical genes
Each twin displays unique differences Jim (left) is more easygoing that John ( right)-plane late example
How do genetic factors adjust to his or her own environment?
Expreinecs that are shared include environmental factors-family. Socioeconomic status, religion etc.

5. Trait Theories
Trait - a relatively stable predisposition to behave in a certain way
Keywords: trait, trait theories

7. Trait Theories
Surface traits - linked directly to a set of related behaviors
Ex- Party Phenomenon
Central traits - fundamental dimensions of personality
Keywords: surface traits, central traits
Graphics: fig pg. 565 of Gray

8. Factor Analysis Raymond Cattell 16 Personality Factors
How do we arrive at factors?
Criticisms?

10. Big-Five Theory Openness to experience-nonopenness
Conscientiousness-undirectedness
Extroversion-introversion
Agreeable-Disagreeable
Neuroticism-stability
Open to novel experiences- Has narrow interests
C- Is responsible and dependable or is impulsive and careless
E- Is outgoing and decisive or is retiring and withdrawn
A- Warm and good natured or is unfriendly and cold
N- Is stable and not a worrier or is nervous and emotionally unstable

11. Ocean

12. The Social- Cognitive Personality
Julian Rotter
Alfred Bandura

13. Social-Cognitive Perspective
Locus of Control
proposed by Julian Rotter
belief that rewards either are or are not controllable by one’s own efforts
may be internal or external
Keywords: Julian Rotter, locus of control

14. Social-Cognitive Perspective
Self-Efficacy/Reciprocal determinism
Alfred Bandura
Efficacy-belief about one’s ability to perform specific tasks
can be high or low
Ex- test example
Reciprocal Determinism=Traits, environment and personal behavior interact
( loop)
Ex: Brad the party boy
Keywords: Albert Bandura, self-efficacy
Graphics: pic. of Bandura pg. 497 Hockenbury

15. When is Brad going to get here?

16. BF Skinner
Operant Conditioning-?
Seligman- Learned Helplessness

17. Humanism Personality Theory
Abraham Maslow

18. Humanistic Perspective
Focuses on the human tendency to create belief systems and to govern our lives in accordance with these beliefs
Phenomenological reality - one’s conscious understanding of his/her world
Ideal vs. Real self list
Keywords: humanistic perspective, phenomenological reality

19. Humanistic Perspective
Carl Rogers’s person-centered approach
self-concept is central to personality
conditional positive regard - love and praise is withheld unless one conforms to others’ expectations
unconditional positive regard - accepting a person regardless of who they are or what they do
Keywords: Carl Rogers, self-concept, conditional positive regard, unconditional positive regard
Graphics: pic. Of Rogers pg. 592 Gray

20. Humanistic Perspective
Self-actualization needs
Esteem needs
Belongingness and love
needs
Safety needs
Physiological needs
Growth needs
Deficiency needs
Abraham Maslow
hierarchy of needs
self-actualization - the realization of one’s dreams and capabilities
Keywords: Abraham Maslow, hierarchy of needs, self-actualization
Graphics: pic. of Maslow pg. 437 Myers