1. PERSONALITY
Dr. AKSHAY KUMAR y Kumar
Positive Psychology

2. Personality Definition - What is it? Personality Factors
Traits, States, Contexts
Why do we like some things more, behave in certain ways in different or same situations)

3. INDIVIDUALITY Every person is in certain respects:
Like all other persons (Humanity)
Like some other persons
Like no other person
adapted from Kluckhohn & Murray, 1948
Everything trickles down to personality. Watch movies and its all about personality

4. Personality
A set of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive tendencies that people display over time and across situations and that distinguish h individuals from one another individuals from one another.

5. Personality TRAITS (constant, continuum) STATES (temporary)
SITUATIONS (contexts)

6. Personality
18,000 terms for personality affable, agreeable, amiable, amicable, congenial, convivial, cordial, friendly, genial, sociable, welcoming (1930’s)
Shows how curious we are about personality
Its because we think and talk a lot about other people.
trait theory - manageable set of personality dimensions

7. Personality
Because people impact us we want to be able to predict their personalities, even our own personalities.
Are there easy ways to predict peoples personalities or our personalities?
What are quick indicators we use to predict personalities

9. Personality How can we measure? Interview Observation
Inventory/Questionnaire
Factor Analysis
Big Five Personality Dimensions

10. Personality measures Not very accurate Why?
I am out going but compared to whom?
I am sometimes this way & sometimes that.
What would they think?

11. Costa and McCrae’s (1992) NEO PI-R Facets

12. BFI

13. BFI

14. TAT

15. Measures of Personality
are they stable across life?
do they predict behaviors and outcomes?

16. Traits
Remain stable over time and become more and more stable with time

17. Measures of Personality
high neuroticism
pay more attention to threat in environment
more stress when given surprise math test
higher divorce rate
more susceptible to depression and anxiety

18. Personality high extraversion attend more parties, more popular
identified as leaders in college
live with and work with more people
less disturbed by sudden loud sounds or intense stimuli

19. Measures of Personality
high agreeableness
- more willing to lend money
higher school grades in childhood
fewer arrests as adults

20. Measures of Personality
high openness to experience
change careers in midlife
perform better in job training programs
play a musical instrument

21. Measures of Personality
high conscientiousness
more sexually faithful to spouses
higher job ratings
smoke less, drink less, drive more safely, live longer, less risk for Alzheimer’s disease (89% less)
play a musical instrument

22. Personality
NATURE (genetics) NURTURE (environment) Twin Studies monzygotic vs. dizygotic twins reared together vs. reared apart Personality partly rooted to genetics

23. Personality
NATURE (genetics) NURTURE (environment) Twin Studies monzygotic vs. dizygotic reared together vs. reared apart (same) environmental factors - parents?

24. • identical twins reared apart - both very neat “My mother
• identical twins reared apart - both very neat “My mother. When I was growing up she always kept the house perfectly ordered… I learned from her. What else could I do?” “The reason is quite simple. I’m reacting to my mother, who was a complete slob.”

25. History Latin word: Persona
Word personality comes from this Persona: Masks worn by stage actors

26. Why are certain people shy or outgoing?
Friendly or edgy?
Laid back or anxious?
Organized or disorganized?

27. THEORIES Type Theories: What category do they belong
Trait Theories: Temperaments & characteristics
Psychodynamic Theories: Childhood experiences, unconscious drives, sexual instincts
Humanistic Theories: Conscious awareness , subjective feelings
Cognitive: Ways they think interpret and behave
Learning theories: rewards and punishment that made them learn

28. Type theories
Types are distinct patterns of personality characteristics 

29. Hippocrates theory of Fluids
Fluids in our body called Humor Personality depends on the amount of particular fluid in the body.

30. Blood: sanguine temperament: cheerful and active 
Phlegm: phlegmatic temperament: apathetic and sluggish 
Black Bile: melancholy temperament: sad and brooding 
Yellow Bile: choleric temperament: irritable and excitable

31. Trait theories
Traits are stable characteristics of person that determine patterns of thoughts, feelings and behavior.

32. Gordon Allport traits as building blocks of personality
Cardinal traits - traits around which person organizes life 
Central traits - represent major characteristics of person: Building blocks of personality. 5 to 10 
Secondary traits - enduring qualities, but not assumed explain general behavior patterns. Varies from situation to situation. Displays occassionally

33. Catell
Raymond Cattel reduced Allport’s list to 16 dimensions. Using Factor analysis.
Cattel’s 16 PF

34. Eysenck 2 Dimension Model of Personality

35. Big five Factors
OCEAN

36. Psycho-analytical theory
Conscious and unconscious personality factors
Drives and instincts: Eros, thanatos and Libido
Early childhood experiences and Psychosexual stages
Defence mechanisms
Conscious, Pre conscious and Unconscious
Id, ego, super ego

37. Structure of personality
Id: Pleasure principle: A person who always wants to have fun, party, do work later have fun 1st. Pleasure principle, Immediate gratification .
Ego: Reality principle: Rationalizes and coordinates
Super Ego:Moral principle: shouls and should nots, ideal self

38. Cognitive Theory Of Personality
Thoughts, Emotions and Behavior

39. Humanistic Theory of Personality
Real Self & Ideal Self
Congruence and Incongruence
Shadow
Persona

40. Learning Theories of Personality
Learnt experiences in life due to events and instances
Awards and punishment
Reinforcements (Positive and negative)
Learnt helplessness
Learnt Optimism

41. THANK YOU
LETS WORK TOWARDS A WONDERFUL PERSONALITY AND PERSONALITY IS WHAT MAKES US.