1. Volunteer Leadership Meeting 2016
National Park Service
U.S. Department of the Interior
Appalachian National Scenic Trail
Volunteer Leadership Meeting 2016
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2. Safety Hazards for A.T. Volunteers?
Let’s brainstorm at list…
...someone please say “tick-borne diseases”!
…don’t forget other people…
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3. Risk – Who Accepts It? (we all do)
How many of you drive a car?
If you drive or ride in a car you are knowingly accepting risk!
How “risky” is driving or riding in an automobile?
5,500,000 car crashes every year
Over 1,300,000 fatalities each year! ~3,200 per day!
Hope is that we’re all trying to minimize risk of driving to get the risks As Low as Reasonably Practical! ALRP!
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4. Why do Accidents Happen?
Research shows…that workplace accidents, including work on our public lands, AREN’T caused by lack of safety programs, training, JHAs, equipment failure, PPE, etc.! Often most experienced & best trained personnel!
…but ARE caused by HUMAN ERROR
Errors in judgement
Poor decision making
Ineffective leadership
Lack of situation awareness
Bad communications
Attitude and outcome-based work culture
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5. Olympic National Park SAR - Did human errors contribute?
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6. Operational Leadership (OL)
Operational Leadership is behavior-based –
Empowers us all to be assertive about our safety and the safety of our teams
Encourages everyone to participate in the decision making and risk management process
Assist us all in creating and fostering a safety culture
Seeks out and values input from those best equipped to make risk management decisions
Reduce risks As Low as Reasonably Practical ALRP
Oh…you’re probably already doing lots of this without even realizing it!!!
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7. Core Human Behaviors/Factors Related to Safety
Effective Leadership
Error & Accident Causation
Mission (Job or Task) Analysis
Stress & Performance
Situational Awareness
Decision Making
Communications & Assertiveness
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8. Trail Safe! Operational Leadership on the Ice Age National Scenic Trail & North Country National Scenic Trail
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9. Effective Leadership We’re all “leaders” when it comes to safety!
Leadership creates culture (Just Culture) that’s trusting, non-punitive, and eliminates concepts that “blame is useful”
We all identify threats and errors; learn to recognize & avoid threats and errors; and actively minimizes and mitigates risks
Designated AND functional leaders!
Example!
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10. Error & Accident Causation
There are different reasons for errors & accidents:
Human error – unintentional mistake or behavior due to lack of knowledge or understanding - Train!
Simple negligence (negligent conduct) – failure to exercise skill, care, and learning – Retrain and coach!
Gross negligence (reckless conduct) – conscious disregard to visible, significant risk – Hold accountable!
Intentional Rule Violation (anti-authority) – resent being told what to do; resent rules & regulations: often against their own judgement – Eliminate this behavior!
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11. Mission (Job/Task) Risk Analysis
Risk management – a systematic process to assist individuals and teams in informed decision making
Analyzes job/task to identify risks; assess nature of risks and outcomes; mitigates risks; plan & act accordingly
Goal - As Low as Reasonably Practical – ALRP
Tools:
SPE – Severity, Probability, Exposure
GAR – Green, Amber, Red
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12. SPE Risk Assessment
1st - Clearly identify and define the specific hazard and the potential outcome (can be multiple hazards)
(30 seconds) Briefly ask the question to participants.

13. SPE Risk Assessment
1st - Clearly identify and define the specific hazard and the potential outcome
(30 seconds) Briefly ask the question to participants.

14. SPE Risk Assessment Exercise
2nd – Once you identify a specific hazard and the possible outcome, risk can be assessed by looking at three components:
Severity
Probability
Exposure
Severity x Probability x Exposure = Risk
(1 minute) In a SPE Risk Assessment, once you identify the specific hazard and possible outcome (i.e. falling over a computer cord and possibly injuring yourself) then - 2nd you assess the risk of that hazard. You will give a point value to Severity of the outcome, a point value to Probability of the outcome happening, and a point value to Exposure to the hazard.

15. SPE Risk Assessment Exercise
Severity
Probability
Exposure 1
Insignificant
Rare
Below average 2
Minor
Unlikely
Average 3
Moderate
Possible
Above average 4
Major
Likely to Occur
Great 5
Catastrophic
Frequent; very likely
(4 minutes) Have participants draw this SPE Risk Assessment Chart or pass out handouts of it. Very briefly review the columns and rows.
Severity x Probability x Exposure = Risk

16. Severity x Probability x Exposure
SPE Risk Assessment
Severity x Probability x Exposure
(30 seconds) Briefly ask the question to participants.

17. Stress & Performance
Stress impacts decision-making, job performance, and safety!
Stressors are anything that thrills, worries, prods, scares or threatens us.
Life situations (anxiety, fear, anger, frustration, etc.) and environmental and internal situations (sound, light, temperature, chemicals, fatigue, illness, pain, blood sugar, etc.) all cause stress.
Safety cultures identify & address the signs – fatigue, irritability, behavior changes, near misses, increased risk taking to reduce accidents & injuries!
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18. Situational Awareness
Constant (continuous) monitoring of what’s going on around (and within) you and your team in complex, dynamic environments
Knowing & processing what’s happening and combining with pre-existing knowledge & experience
Helps develop a complete and current picture and also forecast into the future
SA is impacted by individual experience, perception, training/skills, team fitness, health & attitude
Tunnel vision
Complacency
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19. Situational Awareness Practice
What are the people doing? Where is there attention?
What might have been happening before the photo?
What might be happening outside of our field of view?
What might be changing currently?
What are the unknowns or where do you need more information?
What do you know from training?
What does past experience tell you?
What might happen in the future?
Consequences?
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20. Situational Awareness Practice
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21. Situational Awareness Practice
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22. Situational Awareness Practice
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23. Situational Awareness Practice
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24. Situational Awareness Practice
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25. Situational Awareness Practice
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26. Situational Awareness Practice
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27. Situational Awareness Practice
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28. Situational Awareness Practice
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29. Situational Awareness Practice
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30. Situational Awareness Practice
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31. Situational Awareness Practice
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32. Situational Awareness Practice
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33. Decision Making
Skills-based decisions – automatic when our skills match the tasks – walking, driving, etc.
Problem – auto-pilot…if task/situations changes – ouch!
Rule-based decisions – combination of automatic & conscious integrating prior skills with new situations – cutting a tree, crossing a stream, hiking a trail
Problem - based on what has worked in past including bad habits!
Knowledge-based decisions – reluctantly used when creativity is required – new & different situations
Problem – takes time and mental effort
E X P E R I E N C E Y O U R A M E R I C A

34. Communications & Assertiveness
In life and in safety situations, effective communications is a learned skill
Tone & body language play major roles in complete communications
Work (safety) communications are impacted by attitude, culture, stress, fatigue, situational awareness, time, weather/environment, team dynamics…
Regardless of circumstances – everyone should be and feel empowered to speak up when it comes to safety!
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35. It’s up to all of us… …we are all leaders when it comes to safety!
…remain constantly vigilant – practice situation awareness
…mitigate risks to as low as reasonably practical
…accept no unnecessary risks!
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36. E X P E R I E N C E Y O U R A M E R I C A

37. Situational Awareness Practice
What’s going on in the photo?
What might have been happening before the photo?
What might be happening outside of our field of view?
What might be changing currently?
What might happen in the future based on what you can see? Consequences?
What are the unknowns or where do you need more information?
What do you know from training?
What does past experience tell you?
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38. Situational Awareness Practice
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39. Situational Awareness Practice
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40. Situational Awareness Practice
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41. Situational Awareness Practice
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42. Situational Awareness Practice
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43. Situational Awareness Practice
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44. Situational Awareness Practice
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45. Situational Awareness Practice
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46. Situational Awareness Practice
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47. Situational Awareness Practice
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48. Situational Awareness Practice
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49. Situational Awareness Practice
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50. Situational Awareness Practice
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51. Situational Awareness Practice
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52.
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53. SPE Risk Assessment
1st - Clearly identify and define the specific hazard and state the potential outcome
(30 seconds) Briefly ask the question to participants.

54. SPE Risk Assessment Exercise
2nd – Once you identify a specific hazard and the possible outcome, risk can be assessed by looking at three components:
Severity
Probability
Exposure
Severity x Probability x Exposure = Risk
(1 minute) In a SPE Risk Assessment, once you identify the specific hazard and possible outcome (i.e. falling over a computer cord and possibly injuring yourself) then - 2nd you assess the risk of that hazard. You will give a point value to Severity of the outcome, a point value to Probability of the outcome happening, and a point value to Exposure to the hazard.

55. SPE Risk Assessment Exercise
Severity
Probability
Exposure 1
Insignificant
Rare
Below average 2
Minor
Unlikely
Average 3
Moderate
Possible
Above average 4
Major
Likely to Occur
Great 5
Catastrophic
Frequent; very likely
(4 minutes) Have participants draw this SPE Risk Assessment Chart or pass out handouts of it. Very briefly review the columns and rows.
Severity x Probability x Exposure = Risk

56. U.S. Department of the Interior Appalachian National Scenic Trail
National Park Service
U.S. Department of the Interior
Appalachian National Scenic Trail
E X P E R I E N C E Y O U R A M E R I C A

57. Situational Awareness Practice
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