1. Costs of Violence against women and girls in Egypt
Nata Duvvury, National University of Ireland
Annual Scientific Meeting, 8 September, 2016, Dubai
Study was funded by UNFPA and was a partnership between UNFPA, National Council for Women, and the Central Agency for Public Mobilisation and Statistics (CAMPAS)

2. National Study
Study was prompted by reports of increasing violence in Egypt
Explore the different experiences of violence in addition to intimate partner violence
Establish the economic costs of violence in addition to its health and legal consequences
Explore the experiences of women outside the reproductive age
The survey aimed to measure
Prevalence and incidence of the different type and forms of violence against women
Impact of violence on women’s health, reproductive health and wellbeing
Consequences of violence against women and their associated economic costs
Nationally representative sample:
Women aged 18 to 64
Two stage cluster sample of households

4. Prevalence of violence
Survey covered violence by husband/fiancé, by other family members and others in the home and/or close surroundings, and violence in public spaces (work, schools, public transport, and markets/streets)
IPV(physical, emotional or sexual violence) is the most common form with 46 % reporting experiencing at least once in the lifetime and 24% at least once in the past 12 months
18% reported violence perpetrated by family members and others in close environment since 18 and 3% in the past 12 months
13% reported experience of violence in public spaces (10% in streets, markets, etc, 7% in public transport, 4% at work and 1% in educational institutions) in the last 12 months
Overall 30% of women aged had experienced at least once violence by husband/fiancé, violence by other family member/neighbors/ in close surroundings, or violence in public place in the last 12 months

5. Rural/Urban experience of violence in last 12 months

6. Methods for costing Costs were limited to exploring
Out of pocket expenditures for accessing health, police, courts, shelter and social services + out of pocket expenditure for replacing property broken, damaged or lost (utensils, furniture, vehicles, phones,etc.)
Missed work due to violence
Lost days of domestic work
Missed days of schooling
Used Accounting Methodology
Equations
Out of pocket expenditures
j=type of violence, i=index of woman, s=type of service, C= cost woman i paid for service, w= weight of woman i for population projection

7. Missed work
j=type of violence, i= index of woman, FE= market daily earning or wage for woman
FD= woman’s lost days, HE= market daily earning or wage of husband, HD= husband’s lost days, W – weight for woman i for population projection
missing values of earnings were imputed using regression of earnings for women and men separately

8. Missed domestic work
j= type of violence, i= index of woman, RW – hourly wage of women in household services in 2014, AH= average daily hours usually spent in domestic work, D= days missed, w= weight Cap of 14 hours/day spent in domestic work and cap of 4hours in child care
Missed school days on
calculated only for partner violence, C= school fee in last year/201 (no of school days in 2014/15, LD = lost days by woman i’s children, w = weight

9. Missed schooling by woman/girl experiencing violence
j=type of violence, i=index of woman, C= cost of fees in last year (no data reported so average of all reported fees used as estimate), LD= lost days, w= weight
Missed time for alternative route
j=type of violence, i= woman, RW= hourly wage of woman, H= additional hours spent for transport, D= no. of days, ARW= hourly wage of woman/male is household occupation, Hr=Hours spent by relative accompanying

10. COSTS OF VAWG IN EGYPT Total 189.7 million 610.4 million 0.238 million
Category of Cost/Type of violence
Partner violence
Violence by others in Home/Neighborhood
Violence in Public Spaces
Total
Cost of health
114 million
19.2 million
3.42 million
189.7 million
Cost of legal services/judicial proceedings
7 million/44 million
1.04 million/1.04
Cost of shelter
585 miilion
25.4 million
nil
610.4 million
Cost of other services
238 thousand
0.238 million
Cost of property
81 million
Missed domestic work
620 million
56.6 million
695.8 milliion
Missed work
26.9 million
6.8 million
33.7 million
Missed work by husband
13.7 million
Missed school
15.5 thousand
1.39 million
2.5 million
Cost of additional time
546 million
564 million
TOTAL COST
1.49 billion
.110 billion
.570 billion
2.17 billion

11. Costs of VAWG

12. Other consequences
Women experiencing violence in the lifetime were more likely to have low birth weight babies – 7.53% vs 5.3% (statistically significant at 0.01 level)
Among the women who experienced violence in the past 12 months
74% reported children had nightmares
25% reported children became violent
19% reported children had no desire to play
7.4% reported children’s educational performance declined (low marks or failed the year)

13. Main conclusions
In Egypt the study findings indicate that costs of violence are high, and comprise mostly hidden costs that are borne by families.
The care work that is lost due to violence accounts for 32% of the total cost
Similarly shelter (which is when a woman leaves the home) is a significant cost borne by natal family and friends
Violence in public spaces has a significant cost in terms of additional time or being accompanied by extended family
The study suggests attention on access to formal systems of service provision is misplaced in context of low and middle income countries

14. Need to refine our methodologies to capture more rigorously the full economic implications of the impact on care work of the both the survivors of violence and other family members.
Particularly timely given the growing focus on understanding and addressing unpaid care work
Important to consider when designing evaluations of interventions to assess impact not only on service utilization but also changes in care wrok

15. Thank you!