1. 15
The Endocrine System

2. Multimedia Directory Slide 10 Endocrine System Animation
Slide 32 Diabetes Video

3. Learning Objectives
Define and spell the word parts used to create terms for the endocrine system.
Identify the major organs of the endocrine system and describe their structure and function.
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4. Learning Objectives
Break down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices associated with the endocrine system.
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5. Learning Objectives
Build medical terms from the word parts associated with the endocrine system.
Pronounce and spell common medical terms associated with the endocrine system.

6. Anatomy and Physiology: Word Parts
Combining forms
aden/o
adren/o
crin/o
gonad/o
hormon/o
Combining forms
aden/o = gland
adren/o = adrenal gland
crin/o = to secrete
gonad/o = sex gland
hormon/o= to set in motion
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7. Anatomy and Physiology: Word Parts
Combining forms
pancreat/o
ren/o
thyr/o
thyroid/o
Combining forms
pancreat/o = sweetbread, pancreas
ren/o = kidney
thyr/o = shield, thyroid
thyroid/o = resembling a shield, thyroid

8. Anatomy and Physiology
Endocrine system
Endocrine glands
Homeostasis
Hormones
Endocrine system: Organs and hormones that work with the nervous system to regulate body functions
Endocrine glands: The primary organs of the endocrine system that secrete hormones needed to regulate body functions
Homeostasis: A state in which the body's equilibrium is maintained
Hormones: Chemicals secreted by the endocrine system that are carried by the bloodstream and change cell functions

9. Figure 15.1 The endocrine glands of the endocrine system are distributed throughout the body.

10. Endocrine System Animation
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11. Pathophysiology
Endocrine disease can result from either hyposecretion or hypersecretion.
Hyposecretion can result from an injury or infection, or from an inherited disorder or a tumor.
Hypersecretion may arise due to an inherited disease or a tumor.

12. Pathophysiology Syndrome Endocrinology Endocrinologist
Syndrome: A disorder involving an array of symptoms and involves multiple organs
Endocrinology: The study and treatment of endocrine disorders
Endocrinologist: Physician who specializes in endocrinology

13. Signs and Symptoms: Word Parts
Prefixes
ex-
poly-
Prefixes
ex- = outside, away from
poly- = excessive, over, many

14. Signs and Symptoms: Word Parts
Combining forms
acid/o
acr/o
dips/o
hirsut/o
ket/o
ophthalm/o
Combining forms
acid/o = a solution or substance with a pH less than 7
acr/o = extremity
dips/o = thirst
hirsut/o = hairy
ket/o = ketone
ophthalm/o = eye

15. Signs and Symptoms: Word Parts
Suffixes
-ia
-ism
-megaly
-osis -s
-uria
Suffixes
-ia = condition of
-ism = condition or disease
-megaly = abnormally large
-osis = condition of
-s = plural
-uria = pertaining to urine, urination

16. Signs and Symptoms of the Endocrine System
Acidosis
Acromegaly
Exophthalmos
acr/o
= extremity
-megaly
= abnormally large
Acidosis: The condition of excess acid in the body
Acromegaly: The result of hypersecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland during adulthood, resulting in enlargement of the bone structure and causing disfigurement, especially in the hands and face
Exophthalmos: Abnormal protrusion of the eyes, often seen in patients with an overactive thyroid

17. Figure Acromegaly. Acromegaly is a metabolic disorder in which excessive amounts of growth hormone are secreted during adulthood, resulting in enlarged bones. The illustration shows the disfigurement of the face of the same individual at ages 20, 30, and 40 years.

18. Figure 15.3 Exophthalmos. The protrusion of the eyes is a common symptom of hyperthyroidism.

19. Signs and Symptoms of the Endocrine System
Goiter
Hirsutism
Adrenal virilism
Goiter: A large lump on the anterior side of the neck in the location of the thyroid gland
Hirsutism: Excessive body hair
Adrenal virilism: Excessive production of androgens in women, leading to masculinization, which can include hirsutism and abnormal muscle and bone growth

20. Signs and Symptoms of the Endocrine System
Ketosis
Ketoacidosis
Polydipsia
Polyuria
poly-
= excessive
dips/o
= thirst
-ia
= condition of
Ketosis: An excessive amount of ketone bodies in the blood and urine
Ketoacidosis: An alternate term for ketosis
Polydipsia: Excessive thirst
Polyuria: Excessive urine production

21. Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts
Prefixes
endo-
hyper-
hypo-
para-
Prefixes
endo- = within
hyper- = excessive, abnormally high or above
hypo- = deficient, abnormally low, below
para- = alongside or abnormal

22. Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts
Combining forms
aden/o
adren/o
calc/i, calc/o
carcin/o
crin/o
Combining forms
aden/o = gland
adren/o = adrenal gland
calc/i, calc/o = calcium
carcin/o = cancer
crin/o = to secrete
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23. Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts
Combining forms
glyc/o
gonad/o
myx/o
pancreat/o
thyr/o
thyroid/o
glyc/o = sugar, sweet
gonad/o = sex gland
myx/o = mucus
pancreat/o = sweetbread, pancreas
thyr/o = shield, thyroid
thyroid/o = resembling a shield, thyroid

24. Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts
Suffixes
-al
-emia
-ism
-itis
-megaly
Suffixes
-al = pertaining to
-emia = condition of blood
-ism = condition or disease
-itis = inflammation
-megaly = abnormally large
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25. Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts
Suffixes
-oma
-osis
-pathy
-penia
Suffixes
-oma = tumor
-osis = condition of
-pathy = disease
-penia = abnormal reduction in number, deficiency

26. Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System
Adenocarcinoma
Adenoma
aden/o
= gland
carcin/o
= cancer
-oma
= tumor
Adenocarcinoma: A malignant tumor that arises from epithelial tissue to form a glandular or glandlike pattern of cells
Adenoma: A benign tumor of glandular cells

27. Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System
Adrenalitis
Adrenal insufficiency
Adrenal hyperplasia
Adrenomegaly
Adrenalitis: Inflammation of the adrenal gland
Adrenal insufficiency: Reduces body’s ability to manage stress and infection
Adrenal hyperplasia or adrenomegaly: A disease in which one or both of the adrenal glands become enlarged

28. Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System
Congenital hypothyroidism
Cushing syndrome
Congenital hypothytoidism (formerly cretinism): Inability of the thyroid gland to produce normal levels of growth hormone at birth, resulting in reduced mental and physical development
Cushing syndrome: Characterized by the excessive secretion of hormones by the adrenal cortex that affects multiple organs, and characterized by obesity, moon face, hyperglycemia, and muscle weakness

29. Figure 15. 4 Cushing syndrome
Figure Cushing syndrome. This syndrome includes the symptoms of obesity, moon face, hyperglycemia, and muscle weakness.

30. Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System
Diabetes insipidus (DI)
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetes insipidus (DI): A condition caused by hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland
Diabetes mellitus (DM): A disorder of carbohydrate metabolism caused by insulin resistance (type 2) or complete lack of insulin production (type 1)
Diabetic nephropathy: Kidney damage that occurs as a result of persistent elevation of blood sugars
Diabetic retinopathy: Damage to the retina of the eye as a result of persistent elevated blood sugars, often resulting in blindness

31. Figure 15. 5 Diabetes mellitus
Figure Diabetes mellitus. The metabolic disease diabetes mellitus, with symptoms of polydipsia, polyuria, and widely ranging blood sugar levels, produces many chronic complications if not managed carefully. They include an increased risk of blindness (diabetic retinopathy), kidney disease (diabetic nephropathy), and heart attack (cerebrovascular disease).

32. Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of diabetes.
Diabetes Video
Diabetes mellitus is a complex disorder of metabolism. It is a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin. Insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy needed for daily life. There are three major types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM, or juvenile onset diabetes, results from the body's failure to produce insulin. An individual with type 1 diabetes needs to take daily insulin injections for the rest of their lives. It is estimated that 850,000 to 1.5 million Americans have type one diabetes. Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, or adult onset diabetes, results from insulin resistance combined with relative insulin deficiency. Approximately 16 million Americans have type 2 diabetes. Someone with type 2 diabetes may make healthy, or even high levels of insulin, but obesity makes the body resistant to its effect. Even modest lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet, exercising 30 minutes a day, and maintaining proper body weight for age and body type can help prevent type 2 diabetes. Prediabetes occurs what a person's blood glucose levels are higher than normal, but not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Without lifestyle changes, most people who have prediabetes will progress to type 2 diabetes within 10 years. Gestational diabetes, or pregnancy-induced diabetes, develops in a pregnant woman. In most cases, this type of diabetes goes away after the child is born. It affects about 4 percent of all pregnant women, or about 135,000 cases in the United States each year. The American Diabetes Association estimates that about 17 million people in the United States have diabetes and 5.9 million Americans have diabetes and do not know it.
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of diabetes.
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33. Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System
Endocrinopathy
Hyperadrenalism
Hypoadrenalism
Addison disease
Endocrinopathy: A general term for a disease of the endocrine system
Hyperadrenalism: Excessive activity of one or more adrenal glands
Hypoadrenalism: Abnormally reduced adrenal gland activity
Addison disease: A chronic form of hypoadrenalism

34. Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System
Hypercalcemia
Excess parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Hypocalcemia
Calcipenia
Hyperglycemia
Hypoglycemia
hypo-
= deficient
calc/o
= calcium
-emia
= condition of blood
Hypercalcemia: Abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood
Hypocalcemia (calcipenia): Abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood; also known as calcipenia
Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar levels
Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar levels

35. Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Graves disease
Thyrotoxicosis
Hypothyroidism
Hashimoto’s disease
Hyperparathyroidism: Excessive production of PTH by the parathyroid glands
Hypoparathyroidism: Abnormally low production of PTH by the parathyroid glands
Hyperthyroidism: Excessive activity of the thyroid gland
Graves disease: One form of chronic hyperthyroidism
Thyrotoxicosis: A chronic form of hyperthyroidism that is an acute event triggered by infection or trauma and which can become life threatening
Hypothyroidism: Deficient activity of the thyroid gland
Hashimoto’s disease: Most common hypothyroidism-causing immune disorder; symptoms include slow heart rate, dry skin, low energy, and weight gain

36. Figure 15. 6 Hypothyroidism
Figure Hypothyroidism. Hyposecretion of the thyroid gland produces the symptoms that are illustrated.

37. Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System
Myxedema
Hypogonadism
Low amounts of FSH and LH
Myxedema: Chronic hypothyroidism in which the subcutaneous layer beneath the skin becomes thick and hard, and the body retains water, aging the skin prematurely while puffing the face and thickening the tongue and hands
Hypogonadism: A condition in which abnormally low amounts of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone are produced by the pituitary gland

38. Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System
Pancreatitis
Pituitary dwarfism
Pituitary gigantism
Thyroiditis
Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas
Pituitary dwarfism: A condition in which pituitary growth hormone is deficient at birth, resulting in short stature
Pituitary gigantism: An abnormally high production of pituitary growth hormone before adolescence that results in giant stature
Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland

39. Figure Pancreatitis. Inflammation of the pancreas may be the result of a bacterial infection, trauma, or chronic disease such as cancer.

40. Figure 15. 8 Growth hormone disorders
Figure Growth hormone disorders. Illustration of a pituitary giant and a pituitary dwarf, both adults of about the same age.

41. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices: Word Parts
Prefixes
endo-
para-
Prefixes
endo- = within
para- = alongside or abnormal

42. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices: Word Parts
Combining forms
adren/o
crin/o
thyr/o
thyroid/o
Combining forms
adren/o = adrenal gland
crin/o = to secrete
thyr/o = shield, thyroid
thyroid/o = resembling a shield, thyroid

43. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices: Word Parts
Suffixes
-al
-ectomy
-logy
-logist
-oma
-tomy
Suffixes
-al = pertaining to
-ectomy = surgical excision or removal
-logist = one who studies
-logy = study or science of
-oma = tumor
-tomy = incision, to cut

44. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Endocrine System
Adrenalectomy
Endocrinology
Endocrinologist
Adrenalectomy: The surgical removal of one or both of the adrenal glands
Endocrinology: The field of medicine focusing on the study and treatment of endocrine disorders
Endocrinologist: A physician specializing in endocrinology

45. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Endocrine System
Fasting blood sugar (FBS)
Postprandial blood sugar (PPBS)
Glucose tolerance test (GTT)
Fasting blood sugar (FBS): Blood sugar levels measured after a 12-hour fast
Postprandial blood sugar (PPBS): Blood sugar level measured about two hours after a meal
Glucose tolerance test (GTT): A blood sugar test in which the patient is given glucose either orally or intravenously; then, at timed intervals, blood samples are taken, and glucose levels measured and recorded

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Figure 15.9a Blood glucose measurement. A fasting blood sugar or postprandial test may be self-administered. A lance pierces the skin of a finger.
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47. continued on next slide
Figure 15.9b Blood glucose measurement. A fasting blood sugar or postprandial test may be self-administered. A small blood sample is gently squeezed onto a reagent strip.
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48. Figure 15. 9c Blood glucose measurement
Figure 15.9c Blood glucose measurement. A fasting blood sugar or postprandial test may be self-administered. The glucose meter will display the glucose concentration in the blood sample. A reading of 80 to 120 mg/dL is a normal range.

49. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Endocrine System
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Parathyroidectomy
Parathyroidoma
para-
= alongside of
thyroid/o
= thyroid
-ectomy
= excision
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT): A common therapy to counteract hyposecretion of an endocrine gland
Parathyroidectomy: Surgical removal of a parathyroid gland
Parathyroidoma: Parathyroid cancer

50. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Endocrine System
Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU)
Radioiodine therapy
Thyroid scan
Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU): A diagnostic procedure in which radioactive iodine is used to track and measure its entry into thyroid gland cells with a scanning instrument
Radioiodine therapy: A procedure to treat a thyroid tumor, in which radioactive iodine is used to target thyroid tumor cells within the thyroid gland to destroy them.
Thyroid scan: An imaging procedure often used to detect thyroid tumors

51. Figure Thyroid scan. The right image is the data from a thyroid scan, printed on a superimposed map of the thyroid gland from the patient with a goiter, shown on the left.

52. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Endocrine System
Thyroidectomy
Thyroidotomy
Thyroparathyroidectomy
Thyroxine test
thyroid/o
= thyroid
-tomy
= incision
Thyroidectomy: Surgical removal of the thyroid gland
Thyroidotomy: Surgical incision into the thyroid gland
Thyroparathyroidectomy: Surgical removal of the thyroid and parathyroid glands
Thyroxine test: A diagnostic test measuring thyroxine levels in the blood

53. Abbreviations of the Endocrine System
ACTH
ADH DI DM
FBS
FSH GH
ACTH: adrenocorticotrophic hormone
ADH: antidiuretic hormone
DI: diabetes insipidus
DM: diabetes mellitus
FBS: fasting blood sugar
FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone
GH: growth hormone
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54. Abbreviations of the Endocrine System
GTT
HRT LH
PPBS
PTH
RAIU
TSH
GTT: glucose tolerance test
HRT: hormone replacement therapy
LH: luteinizing hormone
PPBS: postprandial blood sugar
PTH: parathyroid hormone
RAIU: radioactive iodine uptake
TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone

55. Combining Form Quiz crin/o acr/o aden/o dips/o adren/o adrenal gland
thirst
extremity
to secrete
gland
crin/o answer is d.
acr/o answer is c.
aden/o answer is e.
dips/o answer is b.
adren/o answer is a.