1. 21st Century Inventions for Automotive Prime Movers
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Methods of Building an Eco-friendly & Powerful Artificial Horse….
Improve, Conserve, Transform .....

2. Emission standards for diesel heavy duty engines
Year
Reference
CO, (g/kW-hr)
HC, (g/kW-hr)
NOx, (g/kW-hr)
PM, (g/kW-hr)
1992 -
1996
11.20
2.40
14.4
2000
Euro I
4.5
1.1
8.0
0.36
2005†
Euro II
4.0
7.0
0.15
2010†
Euro III
2.1
0.66
5.0
0.10
2010‡
Euro IV
1.5
0.46
3.5
0.02
† earlier introduction in selected regions, Table 1
‡ only in selected regions, Table 1

3. Current SI Engines MPFI Engines High Specific Power
Fuel economy better than carbureted  Quality governing, no throttling
High HC emissions during transient operation
Limited improvement at part load

4. Current CI Religion in I.C. Engines
Diesel Engines
 High CR
 No throttling , quality governed,
 High fuel economy at part load
Low specific power  Low grade fuel, heterogeneous combustion  Turbo-charging – not useful for small engines
High NOx and Smoke

5. A Model for Secular I.C. Engines
The Right Engine
High power at full load  Homogeneous charge, high CR, high vol.
High Fuel economy  Distinctly stratified charge, avoidance of throttling losses, quality governing
Lower HC..

6. Future Improvements in Gasoline Engines by 2030

7. Next generation Engines
GDI -SI

8. Automobiles with GDI I.C. Engine
1999 Mitsubishi Mirage 1500 GDi Dingo Pearl : Naturally aspirated petrol Engine Inline 4 cyl.1468 cc : DOHC : 16 valves : :140 Nm at 3500 rpm : CR=11:1.
BMW Z4/528i: Twin Power Turbo Inline 4 cyl. 16 Valve: 1997CC: 5000rpm: 10.0 : Fuel economy: 5.9/8--/8.8 l/100km.
2017 Kia Sportage SX Turbo 2.4L : In-line 4 cyl. DOHC GDI- D-CVVT 16 valve : 2,359CC : 6,000rpm: : CR=11.3 : Fuel economy: 6.7/8.5/11.8 l/100km.

9. GM's HCCI engines now run from idle to 60 mph!
The basic hardware for a production HCCI engine is in place now, with the only new piece of hardware being a combustion chamber pressure sensor.
GM is continuing to work on the control software to make this a robust system and even adapting the homogeneous charge and pressure sensors to diesel engines to reduce NOx emissions.
The HCCI engine achieves about a 15% improvement in fuel efficiency compared to a similar spark ignition engine at a much lower cost than a hybrid.
GM hopes to have HCCI engines in production in about five years.

10. Development of Health Conscious Engines
Called as Reaction Controlled Compression Ignition Engines.
All the fuels may be utilized at higher compression ratios.
These are Dual fuel engines.
Control relative proportions of fuel to get a healthy engine.

11. Conclusions
Only IC engine as a sole prime mover is a non-ideal form of horse.
Despite over 100 years of evolution, IC engines are far from optimized
Any new idea must consider many factors, e.g.
Where significant gains can & cannot be made
Cost
Resistance of suppliers & consumers to change
Easiest near-term change: natural-gas vehicles for fleet & commuters
Longer-term solutions mostly require improved (cheaper)
Sensors (especially in-cylinder temperature, pressure)
Actuators (especially intake valves)

12. Pune Urban Drive Cycle

13. 21sy century ULEVs

14. Conceptual illustration of general EV configuration

15. 2003 Toyota Prius Ni-MH battery: 273.6V (228 cells@1.2V), 52 MPG
Curb Weight
1220 kg
Battery
21kW, 274V, 6.5Ah
Motor Generator
33kW
Engine Max. Power
4500rpm
Engine Max. Torque
4200rpm

16. A Faraday Future FF 91 electric car
FF91 is displayed on stage during an unveiling event at CES in Las Vegas, Nevada January 3, REUTERS/Steve Marcus

17. The Type of Prime Mover for Light Vehicle Sales in Two Decades

18. Next generation SI Engines

19. On the Road in 2020

20. Needs of Horse on Busy Roads

21. Sankey diagram for SI engine Vehicles

22. Cumulative Kinetic Energy Wastage by Vehicle per Driving Cycle
9407.5
2538.6
4921.9
9071.9
1204.1kJ