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The study of ecosystems
Ecology The study of ecosystems
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Levels of organization
Small to big
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Atoms
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Molecules
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Macromolecules
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Organelles
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Cell
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Tissue
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Organ
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System
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Organism
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Organization in ecosystem
Organism – one individual Population – same species in one area
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Levels of organization
Population – same species in one area Community – All the populations in an area
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Levels of organization
Community – All the species in an area Ecosystem – All the communities and abiotic factors in an area
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Levels of organization
Ecosystem – All the communities and abiotic factors in an area Biosphere – Global ecosystem. Thin layer surrounding earth that supports life
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Biotic factors ALL plants animals and other life (bacteria etc.) in an area
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Abiotic factors Non-living environmental factors Temperature Wind
Water Sunlight Rocks Soil
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Flow of energy in ecosystem
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Autotrophs – producers
Transform inorganic energy (light) into chemical energy
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Primary productivity The net production of stored energy produced by the producers in an ecosystem
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Heterotrophs - consumers
Organisms that must obtain their energy by eating other organisms
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Food chain Shows one energy path in ecosystem
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Food web Shows all the trophic (eating) relationships in ecosystem
Change in one species can effect entire ecosystem
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Trophic levels and energy
90% energy lost at each trophic level
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Biomass Total quantity of living matter
Only 10% transfers from one trophic level to another
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Relationships in an ecosystem
Predators, prey and symbiosis
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Niche The role an organism fills in its community Its “job”
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Niche determined by Habitat Place in food chain Specific food types
When they eat or hunt
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Great horned owl and red tailed hawk have different niches
Both eat small rodents Both live in same area BUT owls hunt at night, hawks hunt during day
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Competition exclusion
Only one specie can occupy can occupy each niche Ex. Barnacles - different species at different tide levels
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Prey = Herbivore (or lower carnivore)
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Predator = Carnivore
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Scavenger carnivore that does not hunt
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Predator/prey Adaptations
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Predator adaptations Adapted to catch, lure or conceal
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Trap door spider
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Angler fish
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Spider web
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Green pit viper infra red heat sensors
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Prey - Adaptations Hide – camouflage OR
Advertize – colorful (poisonous) Escape – run/fly/climb/jump
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Monarch butterfly Larva eats poison milk weed Monarch advertize poison
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Some predators adapt to monarch poison
Black backed oriole Black headed oriole Black-eared mouse
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Poison dart frogs Advertize poison
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Stick insect Camouflage
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flounder
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Leaf Frog
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MIMICRY One species mimics another to aid survival
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Monarch mimic
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Coral snake mimic
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Caterpillar mimics coral snake
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Plant / herbivore interactions
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Plants may use physical defenses
Thorns
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Sticky Hairs
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Tough leaves
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Plant chemical defenses
Poisonous Irritating Bad-tasting
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Poisonous Mild poison Daffodils - nausea, vomiting, cramps and diarrhea
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Poison hemlock Deadly poison
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Irritating chemicals Hot peppers have capsaicin
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Bad-tasting Bitter melon mushrooms
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organisms living together in an ecosystem
symbiosis organisms living together in an ecosystem
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Symbiosis?
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Parasitism - Pos/Neg One benefits, one harmed
A parasite will feed on a host but does not result in immediate death
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Endoparasites – Live in host
Tape worm Bacteria Liver fluke
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Exoparasites - External
Ticks Leeches Lampreys mosquitoes
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Mutualism - Pos/Pos Cooperative relationship where both species benefit Ex. Acacia trees and fire ants -Acacia trees have thorns that secrete nectar Ants protect plant from animals that would eat plant , but they eat some nectar
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Mutualism – ex. pollinators
Both flower and animal benefit . Insects Birds and others
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Commensalism Pos/Neutral
One species benefits with little or no effect on the other Ex. Birds follow army ants to find food
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Cape buffalo The buffalo stirs up the insects and the egrets can then feed on them
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parasitism and mutualism.
Aphids/plant – aphids parasites Aphids/ants - mutualism. Ants protect aphids and eat their sugar secretions
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Competition Neg/Neg? Only one organism will win.
Winner gets resources, food or mate
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