1. Chemistry of Cells: Biochemistry
Ch. 2, Section 3
Biology
Ms. Haut

2. Carbon Compounds Organic Compounds
Contain Carbon
Derived from living things
Carbon atom has four outer electrons, which can covalently bond with an electron from another atom

3. Carbon Compounds
Carbon can bond with other carbon atoms, gives the ability to form long chains
No other element can match the variety of molecules that carbon can form

4. Macromolecules Formed by process of polymerization
Small compounds (monomers) are put together to form larger compounds (polymers)

5. Major Groups of Biological Molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

6. Carbohydrates Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
1C:2H:1O (C6H12O6)
Monomer units are monosaccharides (simple sugars)
Disaccharides are made up of 2 simple sugars
Glucose ➞
← Fructose
Sucrose

7. Carbohydrates Polysaccharides —long chains of simple sugars
Functions as storehouse of energy
Starches —storage form of glucose in plants
Glycogen —storage form of glucose in animals

8. Carbohydrates Polysaccharides —long chains of simple sugars
Cellulose —tough fibers give plant strength and rigidity (found in wood and paper)

9. Lipids (Fats)
Large nonpolar molecules, made mostly of carbon and hydrogen
Fats
Phospholipids
Steroids
waxes
Can be used to store energy
Carbon-hydrogen bond store a lot of energy

10. Fats
3 fatty acids joined to a glycerol molecule

11. Fats
Saturated fatty acid —carbons contain the maximum number of hydrogen (animal fats, butter, lard)
Unsaturated fatty acid—carbons have double bonds; chains get kinked (plant oils, some fish oils)

12. Phospholipids
Make up the lipid bilayer of cell membranes

13. Lipids
Waxes—effective hydrophobic coatings (insects, plants, even humans)
Fatty acid linked to alcohol

14. Steroids Ringed structures
Serve as chemical messengers in the body (hormones)
Cholesterol-functions in the digestion of fats and starting material for hormones

15. Lipids Lipids store energy efficiently
Have many more hydrocarbon (high energy) bonds than carbohydrates

16. Proteins Monomer units are amino acids
20 different amino acids found in nature—differ in the R group

17. Proteins
Dipeptide—2 amino acids linked together through dehydration (condensation) rxn
Amino acids linked by peptide bond—a covalent bond between nitrogen and carbon

18. Proteins Chains of amino acids are called polypeptides
Joined together by covalent bonds called peptide bonds

19. Proteins Serve various functions Enzymes—speed up chemical rxns
Cellular transport
Structure—collagen
Antibodies—protect body from infection

20. Protein Structure Primary—sequence of amino acids
Secondary—parts of sequence coil or fold due to H-bonds
Tertiary—3-D structure due to ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, H-bonds b/w side-chains of amino acids

21. Protein Structure Quaternary—2 or more polypeptide chains or subunits
Enzymes—proteins that act as catalysts (speeding up reactions)

22. Nucleic Acids Monomer units are nucleotides
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Double stranded helix
Carries hereditary information
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Single stranded helix
Involved in protein synthesis

23. Nucleic Acids Polymers made of nucleotides
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)—contains all the information needed to control cell function
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)—plays role in protein synthesis

24. DNA
RNA
Double helix
Single strand
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine
Uracil
A—T
C—G
A—U