1. Buffers- weak acids or bases that resist pH changes
Buffers- weak acids or bases that resist pH changes *aid in keeping pH regulated in cells

2. CUT AND GLUE TERM & MATCHING DEFINITION IN YOUR PDN BOOK 
Vocabulary activity
CUT AND GLUE TERM & MATCHING DEFINITION IN YOUR PDN BOOK 

3. Carbon Compounds Organic chemistry- the study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon (C) atoms *C has four valence e- (e- in outermost energy level) *can form four covalent bonds *can have single, double or triple bonds *C bonds with H, O, N, P and S *C can form long chains and complex molecules

4. Carbon Compounds

5. Macromolecules -giant molecules -made of many smaller molecules -formed by polymerization- large molecules are formed by joining smaller ones together monomers- smaller units polymers- larger units formed

7. -Monomers are joined together by dehydration synthesis -Removes a water molecule to form a polymer

8. Hydrolysis- water is added to separate a polymer into its monomers.

9. Groups of organic compounds in living things:
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
proteins

10. Carbohydrates *made up of C, H and O *in a 1:2:1 ratio ex- C6H12O6
*main source of energy
ex- sugars and starches (long chain of sugars)
*can be stored as complex sugars

11. monomers = monosaccharide- single sugar molecules
ex- glucose, galactose and fructose
polymers = polysaccharides- larger molecule formed from many monosaccharides
ex- glycogen (excess stored sugar) and cellulose (found in wood)

12. Lipids. made up of C and H and some O
Lipids *made up of C and H and some O *not soluble in water (do not dissolve) *store energy and form membranes monomers = glycerol and fatty acids polymer = fats, oils and waxes

13. page 46 fig 2-14: LIPIDS

14. Saturated vs Unsaturated Fatty Acids
saturated- all single bonds which leads to maximum # of H
unsaturated- at least one double bond between two carbon atoms
-not loaded with Hydrogen

15. Nucleic acids. macromolecules containing H, O, N,C and P
Nucleic acids *macromolecules containing H, O, N,C and P *store and transmit hereditary or genetic info monomers = nucleotides -consists of 5-C sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base polymer = nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)

18. Proteins. contain C, N, H and O
Proteins *contain C, N, H and O *have an amino group and a carboxyl group *most diverse macromolecule because of R-groups *regulates cell processes, control reaction rates, transport substances and fight disease monomers = amino acids polymer = protein

19. Amino Acids and Proteins
general structure alanine serine

20. Chemical Reactions and Enzymes chemical reaction- process that changes one set of chemicals into another -atoms are rearranged -some reactions are fast ex: something blowing up -some are slow ex: rust forming

21. ex: CO2 + H2O  H2CO3 reactants- elements or compounds that enter a reaction (in ex. CO2 and H2O) products- elements or compounds formed during reaction (in ex. H2CO3)

22. -chemical reactions involve the breaking and making of bonds -the number of each element you begin with must be the same as you end with ex: CO2 + H2O  H2CO3 reactants products C 1 1 O 3 3 H 2 2

23. -Energy is either released or absorbed when bonds are made or broken ex: we release energy when we metabolize our food Activation energy- energy needed to get a reaction started -If the activation energy cannot be reached there will not be a reaction

24. activation energy
products
reactants
reactants
activation energy
products

25. Catalysts- substances that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction -lowers activation energy Enzymes- proteins that speed up reactions in cells *biological catalysts

26. reaction pathway without enzyme
activation energy without enzyme
reactants
activation energy with enzyme
reaction pathway with enzyme
products

27. substrates- reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions -substrates bind with enzymes -enzymes are specific- can only bond with one type of substrate -like a lock and key

28. Enzymes jobs include:
regulating chemical pathways
making materials that cells need
releasing energy
4. transferring info

29. enzyme
glucose
ADP
substrates
products
glucose-6-phosphate
ATP
active site
products are released
substrates bind to enzyme
enzyme-substrate complex
substrates are converted into products