1. Napoleon's Conquest of Europe

2. Napoleon

3. Why Napoleon? Moderates popular- bring order
reaction against radical phase
1795 National Convention- new constitution
Upper Bourgeoisie have power
2 house legislature
Executive= Directory (5 men)

4. Napoleon Born in Corsica 1769
Mastered military tactics at military schools
Joined army of new govt. during revolution
Oct helped protect National Convention (became hero)

5. Military Successes 1796-1797 Directory appoints him to command army
Beat Austria, Kingdom of Sardinia
Fights in N. Italy- makes alliances
Becomes most popular general in Europe

6. November 1799 Directory overthrown by Consulate
Coup d etat
Directory initially holds on
500 troops in legislature
Vote to end Directory
Napoleon head of Consulate (3)
Dictatorial power seized

7. Napoleon

8. Support for Consulate Keep previous reform Solve current problems
Peasants, workers, merchants- promise of trade expansion, lower food prices, peasants keep land gained in Revolution
Nobles- pardons were offered to those who fled
Bourgeoisie- given govt. and army positions, promise of order, stable economy, trade

9. Second Coalition 1797 1st Coalition ends after campaign in Italy
1799 2nd Coalition formed
GB, Austria, Russia
Napoleon successful in N. Italy
Austria & Russia make peace
1802 Peace of Amiens (GB)
1st time in 10 yrs- peace in Europe

10. Napoleon becomes Emperor
At 1st act like an elected leader
1800 Plebiscite- vote approves constitution giving Napoleon all real power as 1st consul
nd Plebiscite made him consul for life

11. Concordat of 1801 Agreement made with Pope Pius VII
Balanced rights of Church and State
State bishops, Church confirm
Bishops appoint priests
Religious freedom
Catholics had favored postition

12. 1804 Napoleon takes title of Emperor
Title symbolizes control over France
Crowned himself (not Pope)
Social reforms of Revolution remain
Individual freedoms currently gained were ignored

13. Napoleon
Crowns
Himself

14. Napoleon Restores Order
Kept many changes from Revolution
Secret police maintain power
Opposition crushed
Jacobins crushed after royalists target him
German Bourbon (next in line) killed

15. Napoleon Restores Order
Economic order
Inflation slowed, balanced budget, national bank
Social order- had much support
Religious order- religion is political

16. Napoleonic Code 1804 All men treated as equals
3 Estates abolished
Women lost any rights gained
NO feudalism and class privilege
Freedom of religion and property
Workers inferior to employer
No unions
Govt. support of education

17. Napoleonic Code Limited liberty Easy for men to divorce
Newspapers censored
Slavery restored in colonies
Easy for men to divorce
No primogeniture

18. Napoleonic Code Napoleon announced he was above the law
“Things don’t work unless you break the law everyday”
Tie to Machiavelli

19. Napoleonic Wars
Napoleon wants to modernize & become master of Europe (Italy, Switz.)
Peace treaties are made with Russia, Austria, England
1803 War breaks out with England
France threatens her trade and sea power
France defeats Austria, Sweden, Prussia (who were in alliance against France w/ Russia)

20. 1805-1807 Victories Oct. 1805 Battle of Ulm
Vienna, Austria taken
Dec Battle of Austerlitz
Austrian emperor makes peace
Oct Battle of Jena
Berlin taken from Prussia

21. 1805-1807 Victories June 1806- Battle of Friedland
Prussia’s Poland
Peace of Tilsit- Alexander I and Napoleon agree to divide Europe
Oct Battle of Trafalgar
Only loss to 3rd Coalition
Nelson (GB) defeats French fleet
France decides not to invade GB

22. Napoleon dominates Europe
France greatest empire since Rome
Conquered land:
Annexed by France
Remained independent in name only
Attached by alliance (Prussia, Russia, Austria)
Large but unstable empire

23. Results of Napoleonic Wars
Napoleon brings Revolution’s reforms to Europe
Taxes conquered lands
Soldiers taken from conquered lands

24. Napoleon’s Downfall Love of power = downfall 3 misjudgments
Cut off trade to England
Make brother king of Spain
Invasion of Russia

25. Continental System
1806 No French controlled land could trade w/ England
Aimed at England who was keeping ships from France
Plan= defeat England by striking at trade (industry)
France and lands under her would stop importing British goods

26. Continental System
Problem= England just traded with Spanish colonies, smuggled, and blocked (large navy) ports of France and her allies
Result= Middle class merchants turn against Napoleon
French economy weakened

27. Spain 1808 King of Spain forced to abdicate
Napoleon makes brother Joseph king

28. Peninsular War Portugal defeated
Response- Spain and Portugal get help of British (guerilla)
England invades France
Spain regains her land after 5 years of war ( )
Significance- French troops held up(300,000 dead- France weakened, patriotism against Napoleon is inspired

29. Invasion of Russia Russian was once allied with France Why?
France afraid Russia would make alliance with England
Russia selling grain to England
June 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia with 614,000 men GRAND ARMY
Many not French (no loyalty)

30. Invasion of Russia
Russians retreat burning land and farms, France follows
Sept. 14- Moscow abandoned when French arrive
100,000 French alive (NO FOOD)
Stay 5 weeks waiting for surrender (leave in Dec.)
Worst military in history (40,000 return)

31. Arrival in Moscow

32. Retreat from Russia

33. Retreat
from
Russia

34. Retreat from Moscow

35. Battle of the Nation Oct. 1813- Leipzig, Germany
Britain, Prussia, Austria, Russia, Sweden defeat Napoleon
Grand Alliance
Paris captured in March 1814
Army cut to pieces
Generals do not want to fight, Napoleon does

36. The End (#1)… April 1814- Napoleon abdicates
exiled to island of Elba (Italian coast)
Quadruple Alliance- formed to prevent attacks by France

37. Crossing the Rhine

38. Napoleon Abdicates

39. The 100 Days March 1, 1815 Napoleon returns from exile
support from King Louis XVIII’s soldiers
Becomes Emperor again
Grand Alliance gathers

40. The 100 Days June 18, 1815 Napoleon defeated at Waterloo (Belguim)
European alliance led by Duke of Wellington
End of 100 Days
Napoleon’s last bid for power

41. Louis XVIII

42. Duke of
Wellington

43. The End (Again)… Napoleon sent to St. Helena
Remote island in South Atlantic

44. Significance of Napoleon
French Revolution’s reforms and ideas were spread
Nationalism grew
Led to development of independent nations