1. Key Issue 2: Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas?
Models of urban structure: 3 social science models attempt to explain where people live in cities
All 3 developed in the city of Chicago and later applied elsewhere:
Concentric zone model (Burgess)
Sector model (Hoyt)
Multiple nuclei model (Harris-Ullman)

2. Inside the City
Competitive bidding for land determines much of the land use within the city
In general, population density & land values decrease as distance from the CBD increases

3. Concentric Zone Model
Represented the American city in a new stage of development (1920s)
Before the 1870s, cities such as New York had mixed neighborhoods where merchants’ stores and sweatshop factories were intermingled with mansions and hovels
Rich and poor, immigrant and native-born, rubbed shoulders in the same neighborhoods. In Chicago, Burgess’ home town, the great fire of 1871 leveled the core
Chicago became a segregated city with a concentric pattern
The actual map of the residential area does not exactly match his simplified concentric zones

4. The Concentric Zone Model (Burgess)
- In the concentric zone model, a city grows in a series of rings surrounding the CBD, like the rings of a tree.
- The further from the CBD, the better the quality of housing
- “Invasion and succession” refers to continued expansion of CBD and continual push outwards of zones

5. CBD: nonresidential activities concentrated
Transition zone: contains industry and poor quality housing. Immigrants to city live here at first
Working class homes: modest older homes – blue collar
Zone of better residences: newer, more spacious homes
Commuter’s Zone: beyond built-up area of the city – nicest homes

6. Zone 2
Characterized by mixed pattern of industrial and residential land use
Rooming houses, small apartments, and tenements attract the lowest income segment
Often includes slums and skid rows, many ethnic ghettos began here
Usually called the transition zone

7. Zone 3
The “workingmen’s quarters”
Solid blue-collar, located close to factories of zones 1 and 2
More stable than the transition zone around the CBD
Often characterized by ethnic neighborhoods — blocks of immigrants who broke free from the ghettos
Spreading outward because of pressure from transition zone and because blue-collar workers demanded better housing

8. -Zone 4
Middle class area of “better housing”
Established city dwellers, many of whom moved outward with the first streetcar network
Commute to work in the CBD
Zone 5
Consists of higher-income families clustered together in older suburbs
Located either on the farthest extension of the trolley or commuter railroad lines
Spacious lots and large houses
From here the rich pressed outward to avoid congestion and social heterogeneity caused by expansion of zone 4

9. Critics of the model:
Pointed out even though portions of each zone did exist, rarely were they linked to totally surround the city
Burgess countered there were distinct barriers, such as old industrial centers, preventing the completion of the arc
Others felt Burgess, as a sociologist, overemphasized residential patterns and did not give proper credit to other land uses

10. The Sector Model
In the sector model, a city grows in a series of wedges or corridors extending out from the CBD.

11. Economist Homer Hoyt (1939): city develops a series of sectors, not rings. Certain areas are more attractive for various activities
As city grows, activities expand outward in a wedge, or sector, from the center
Maintained high-rent districts were instrumental in shaping land-use structure of the city

12. Sector model
Hoyt suggested high-rent sector would expand according to four factors:
Will move from its point of origin near the CBD, along established routes of travel, toward another nucleus of high-rent buildings
Will progress toward high ground or along waterfronts, when these areas are not used for industry
Will move along the route of fastest transportation
Will move toward open space

13. Sector model:
As high-rent sectors develop, areas between them are filled in:
Middle-rent areas move directly next to them, drawing on their prestige
Low-rent areas fill remaining areas
Moving away from major routes of travel, rents go from high to low
There are distinct patterns in today’s cities that echo Hoyt’s model
He had the advantage of writing later than Burgess — in the age of the automobile

14. 3- Multiple Nuclei Model
The multiple nuclei model views a city as a collection of individual centers, around which different people and activities cluster.

15. Some activities are attracted to particular nodes (e. g
Some activities are attracted to particular nodes (e.g. - a university may attracted well educated residents, bookstores, and pizzerias, whereas an airport may attract hotels and warehouses)
Incompatible land-use activities will avoid clustering - such as heavy industry and high-class housing

17. Application to Indianapolis
Percent of renters follows the concentric zone model. The percentage of households that rent their home is greater near the CBD and less in the outer rings of the city.

18. Application to Indianapolis
Median household income follows the sector model. Income is highest in a sector to the north, which extends beyond the city limits to the adjacent county.

19. Application to Indianapolis
Ethnic concentrations of minorities follows the multiple nuclei model. Ethnic groups are clustered in different areas.

20. Colonial Cities: Spanish (Latin America):
Conquistadores completely erased indigenous settlements and mingled with the local culture to become a part of it. 
Thus, Spanish colonial cities are more unitary in nature and follow Spanish elements.
Laws of the Indies, 1573
Cities centered around church and central plaza
Grid-iron street plan
Administrative system is also more centralized than that of the Portuguese in Brazil. 

21. Central Plaza of
Mexico City

22. Cities Since Independence:
Focal points of change
In Latin America, wealthy push out from center in elite residential sector which develops along a spine (offices, shops, restaurants)
Squatter settlements: area within a city in an LDC in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures

23. Modeling the Cities of the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery
Latin America: Griffin-Ford Model (1980) showed the L.A. cities blend traditional elements of Latin American culture with forces of globalization that are reshaping the urban scene, combining radial sectors and concentric zones
Disamenity sector: poorest parts of cities that are not connected to regular city services and typically controlled by gangs & drug lords

24. The African City Difficult to formulate one model
At start of 20th century, Sub-Saharan Africa contained world lowest levels of urbanization
Today has world’s fastest growing cities
Imprint of colonialism - Europeans laid out prominent urban centers in western style (including high rise CBD’s and sprawling suburbs
Central city typically contains 3 CBD’s - remnant of colonial CBD, an informal market zone, and a transitional business center

26. Asian Cities Located on coasts because built for trade
Ports are very important
Special Economic Zones:
Western companies locate here
Provide jobs (Shanghai and Mumbai)
Entrepôts: cities that re-export goods that are brought into their borders, sending items to all areas of the globe
Seoul, South Korea
Singapore (city-state)
Hong Kong, China

27. Southeast Asian City: Some of the most populous cities in world
McGee Model (1967): focal point of city is old colonial port zone combined with large commercial district which surrounds it.
No formal CBD - government zone, alien commercial zone dominated by Chinese merchants, and mixed land-use zone
Residential zones similar to Griffin-Ford Latin American model

28. AC = Alien commercial and WC = western commercial