1. Latin America

2. Latin America After Independence: Colonial Legacy
Colonial times, most Latin Americans worked for large landowners (called peons).
Peons were similar to slaves because they went into debt and their debt was passed from generation to generation.
After independence, the rich got richer, with unequal distribution of land and wealth

3. Political Instability
Caudillos: dictators that tended to be charismatic military leaders in Latin America.
By 1830, nearly all the countries of Latin America were ruled by caudillos.
Ex: Juan Vicente Gomez (caudillo in Venezuela for 30 years) “All Venezuela is my cattle ranch.”

4. Economies Grow Under Foreign Influence
Great Britain and the United States became Latin America’s main trading partners.
Economies depended on Exports
With refrigeration: exports of beef, fruits, vegetables and other perishable goods soared
Imported European and North American manufactured goods, so did not develop their own manufacturing industries

5. Outside Investment and Interference
Latin America also borrowed money- at high interest rates- to develop facilities for their export industries.
Britain, France, US and Germany made many loans
If Latin American countries couldn’t pay back loans, foreign leaders threatened to collect debt by force or take over the facilities
Age of Economic Colonialism

6. The Monroe Doctrine 1823: issued by US President James Monroe
“the American continents…are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.”
Wasn’t really enforced until 1898

7. Cuba Declares Independence
Cuba was one of Spain’s last colonies in the Americas
1868 Cuba declared independence and fought a decade long war
1895 Jose Marti, was a famous Cuban writer who lived much of his life in exile in NYC- returned and led fight for Cuban independence, died in battle
Spanish had forced many Cubans into Concentration Camps

8. Spanish-American War 1898: US joins the Cuban war for independence
Lasted about 4 months
1901: Cuba became independent nation, but US installed a military govt., causing resentment
US also gained Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines: becoming US territories.

9. Panama Canal US nicknamed “Colossus of the North”
President Teddy Roosevelt ( ) really wanted to build a Canal.
1903 Panama was a province of Colombia: US offered $ to Colombia to build a canal, Colombia asked for more $, US then encouraged a revolution in Panama.
1903 Panama (with help of US Navy) won independence from Colombia, then gave US a 10 mile wide zone to build the Panama Canal (opened 1914)

10. Panama Canal

11. Teddy Roosevelt and Panama Canal

12. Roosevelt Corollary
US continued to have large investments in many Central and South American countries.
1904: Teddy Roosevelt issued the corollary, saying the United States had a right to be “an international police power” in the Western Hemisphere.
US intervened in many Latin American countries over the next decades.

13. The Mexican Revolution
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna: played leading role in Mexico’s fight for independence from Spain in 1821, fought again in 1829 against Spain, and then became Mexico’s president in 1830.
Santa Anna was a powerful caudillo who ruled Mexico from 1833 to 1855 (taking brief hiatus to fight for Texas)

14. Santa Anna

15. Santa Anna’s Leg

16. The Texas Revolt
1820’s Mexico encouraged American citizens to move to Texas to help populate the country.
“Anglos” moved there and promised to follow the laws of Mexico in exchange for inexpensive land
Many Anglos wanted to continue to practice slavery, but Mexican govt. had abolished slavery
Also conflict over Roman Catholicism

17. “Remember the Alamo!”

18. Leadership of Texas Revolt
Stephen Austin encouraged a revolt against Mexico in 1835
Santa Anna led Mexican forces
Santa Anna won the Battle of the Alamo, but lost at the Battle of San Jacinto
Sam Houston captured and released Santa Anna when he promised to recognize Texas independence

19. War and Fall of Santa Anna
1845 US annexed Texas
US invaded Mexico
Fought for two years
1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: US received the northern 1/3 of Mexico including CA and the American Southwest
Santa Anna eventually went into exile

20. Map: Mexican- American War

21. Benito Juarez
Zapotec Indian: rose from humble background to being educated as a lawyer, and eventually governor of Oaxaca
Led a liberal reform movement. La Reforma: redistribution of land, separation of church and state, increased educational opportunities.
1853 Santa Anna returned and exiled Juarez, two years later, SA ousted and Juarez returned

22. Benito Juarez

23. French Invade Mexico
Conservative upper-class Mexicans were threatened by liberal ideas: conservative rebels fought against the liberal govt.
Civil War: liberal govt. won and Juarez took over as President in 1858
Mexico was in debt, some conservatives plotted with some Europeans to reconquer Mexico.

24. Maximilian I
1862, France under rule of Napoleon III, sent a large army to Mexico and took over the country
Napoleon III appointed Austrian archduke Maximilian to rule Mexico as an emperor
Civil War continued: 5th de Mayo
1867: France withdrew, Maximilian was captured and executed
1867: Juarez re-elected Mexico’s President

25. Execution of Maximilian I

26. Porfirio Diaz and “Order and Progress”
Mid- 1870’s New Caudillo, Porfirio Diaz
Diaz was also an Indian from Oaxaca
1876: Diaz ousted the President and took control with the support of the military.
Elections became meaningless
Diaz offered land, power, or political favors to his supporters, terrorized those that did not support him.
Remained in power until 1911

27. Painting Porfirio Diaz

28. Madero Begins the Revolution
Francisco Madero: wealthy background, educated in US and France
Announced he was running for President in 1911, was arrested and then exiled to US, where he called for a revolution against Diaz

29. Francisco “Pancho” Villa
A popular revolutionary leader in Northern Mexico
Took money from rich and gave to the poor

30. Pancho Villa

31. Emiliano Zapata Leader of a revolutionary army south of Mexico City.
Wanted to redistribute land to the poor.
“Land and Liberty!”

32. Emiliano Zapata

33. Mexican Leaders Struggle for Power
Spring of 1911: Diaz agreed to step down.
New election: Madero was elected President in Nov. 1911
He had a hard time maintaining his power, resigned and was murdered.
Military leader, Huerta took over presidency, but his was unpopular and overthrown by Villa, Zapata, and Carranza

34. Mexican Leaders Struggle for Power
Carranza took power
He then turned his army against Villa and Zapata.
1919: Carranza lured Zapata into a trap and murdered him.
Zapata’s death marked the end of the Mexican Revolution: More than 1 million Mexicans had died

35. New Mexican Constitution
Carranza’s revised Mexican Constitution
Promoted education, land reforms, and worker’s rights.
1920: Carranza was overthrown by his former general Alvaro Obregon
Obregon: seized power, but didn’t remain a dictator. Supported constitutional reforms.
Obregon was assassinated in 1928
Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) emerged.