4. A Meeting of Many Worlds
Causes and Methods of Expansion
Contact and Conquest
Spain and the Mexica
France
Britain
Legacies of Conquest

5. Conditions in Europe, 1400’s
I. Black Death, 1340’s
-Ec. & pop. growth, 1400’s
II. Renaissance
-15th & 16th century
III. Consolidate power
-Spanish reconquista

6. Religion in Europe III. Catholic Church A. Reformation, 1510s-20s
1. Martin Luther
a. Personal faith
b. Question doctrine
B. “Protestants”
C. Religious division
1. Cath., Prot., Calv.
2. Intolerance

7. Why Explore? I. Material gain A. Trade 1. Spices 2. Silks & furs
3. Gold/slaves
II. Religious
A. Conversion
B. Block Islam
III. Political power

8. How they explored III. New technology A. Stronger ships 1. Caravels
2. Sails
B. Navigational tools
1. Astrolabe
2. Magnetic compass
C. Maps
1. Geography
2. Currents

9. Who? Bartolemeu Diaz southern Africa 1488
Christopher Columbus, Bahamas 1492
Vasco Da Gama, under Africa to India 1499
John Cabot, Newfoundland 1497
Juan Ponce de Leon, Florida 1513
Hernan Cortes, Mexico 1519
Jacques Cartier, St. Lawrence River. 1535

11. Things to consider Renaissance & population boom
Technology & early science
European competition for wealth & territory
Rising power of Spain
Social, political, economic hierarchies
Patriarchy and dominance of women
Conversion and Christianity
Search for labor: African, Indians
No knowledge of Indigenous Peoples

12. Contact & Conquest, 1492-1600s I. Spain II. France III. Britain
IV. Interaction
and conflicts

13. Spain I. Christopher Columbus II. Ferdinand & Isabella
III. Route to Asia
IV. Caribbean
V. Tainos

15. The Spanish Empire I. Cortez & the Mexica (Aztec), 1519-1521
II. Montezuma
“Empire of tribute”
III. Conquest
A. War & technology
B. Tarascans/Tlaxcalans
C. Disease

16. Spanish Institutions I. Presidios (Military/State) A. Explore B. Trade
C. “Defend”
D. Subdue Indians
-Onate 1590, Acoma
II. Missions (Church)
A. Franciscans & Jesuits
B. Conversion
C. Indian Labor

17. Onate Trail

18. Cabeza de Vaca

19. Documents De Vaca Powhatan Algonquian
What were his impressions of the Indigenous People?
How did the Indigenous people treat him?
Powhatan
What did he try to tell the British?
Explain how this document illustrates his approach to dealing with the British
Algonquian
What did the Micmac leader think about the French, compared to the Micmac way of life?
How might his beliefs influence his reactions to French colonization and conversion?

20. Spanish Colonial Labor
A. Encomienda
-Tribute & labor given to an encomendero
B. Repartimiento
-Guaranteed Indian
labor to Spanish for public projects
C. Rescate
-Ransomed Indian captives worked for Spanish

21. Missions and military presidios by 1700s
Spanish Borderlands
Missions and military presidios by 1700s

22. “The Columbian Exchange”
Americas
Corn
Beans
Peppers
Potatoes
Cocoa
Tobacco
Europe
Disease
Horses, pigs, sheep
Cattle
Guns
Weeds
Sugar
Coffee

23. The French I. Weak empire A. Less interest B. Trade C. Few colonists
D. Catholic
II. Samuel de Champlain
1607 Quebec
III. Indian alliances
A. Hurons

24. Religion IV. Catholic A. Jesuits (blackrobes) B. Syncretism
1. Kateri Tekakwitha
*Mohawk woman
*Catholic
*Saint in 20th c.

25. The Fur-Trade V. French trappers and traders A. Lived with Indians
B. Learned Native languages
C. Married Native women
*Metis
D. Indian women did most work

26. Arrival of the British I. Late Arrivals II. Violence and Indians
III. Social stratification
IV. Land, colonize, exclude
V. Experience with Ireland

27. Early Colonies I. Jamestown “settlers” in 1607
A. Military, not farmers
1. Virginia Company
“joint-stock company”
B. Capt. John Smith
C. Almost died 1609/10
D. Head right System

28. Jamestown, VA

29. British-Native Relations
Powhatan Confederacy
Wahunsunacock
A. 14,000 people
B. Colonists stole corn
C. Diseases
D. Expanded onto
Powhatan land
E. Attacked in

31. Pocahontas British Captured and held her hostage
Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan, married
John Rolfe
--Allegedly saved John Smith several times
Renamed Rebecca, but died in 1617

32. Native Responses Opechancanough (brother of Powhatan)
-Warfare through 1620s
-Destroyed Virginia Co.
-Colonists kept coming
-Patterns of conflict

33. Plymouth Colony 1620’s --New England, Mass
--Puritans split from Anglican Church
--Separatists thought Church was corrupt
--Pilgrims left Europe to establish a colony of “true believers”
--John Winthrop, “A City Upon a Hill”

34. Plymouth, Mass

35. Continuing conflict I. Plymouth Colony and William Bradford
II. Mayflower Compact
III. Wampanoag territory
A. Natives help them survive
B. Samoset, Squanto, Massasoit
VI. Land loss and death

36. Massachusetts Bay Colony
I. Offshoot of Plymouth
A. Joint-Stock Company
B. Expansion into Pequot Land
C. “Religious War of extermination”
II. Pequot War and the Treaty of
Hartford, 1638

37. The Pequot War

38. Pequot’s Revenge: Foxwoods Resort

39. Comparisons, 1600s
France: Fur trade, Jesuits, weak empire, Indian alliances, dependency
British: Late arrivals; full colonization; hostile Indian relations; conformity & exclusion
Spain: Full colonization, presidios, missions, labor, big empire, powerful state, inclusion of Indians into society

40. Church/state/military
Britain
Late arrivals
Smaller colonies
Corporations
Families
“Exclusive”
Proprietary colonies
Land and Property
Spain
Large Institutions
Bureaucracy
Church/state/military
Encomendero
Indian Labor
Mestizo
“Inclusion”

41. Significance of contact, 1600s
Massive exchange of populations
European power
“Biological conquest”
Native resistance and adaptation
Expansion of Christianity
European accumulation of wealth