1. WHAP: You have 20 min to complete the quiz
WHAP: You have 20 min to complete the quiz. I will come around for notes grades REMEMBER TO USE SPECIFIC EXAMPLES IN YOUR ANSWERS Then we will begin discussing/ taking notes over the Sui, Tang, & Song Dynasties

2. The Sui Dynasty ( CE)
Regional kingdoms succeed collapse of Han dynasty
Yang Jian consolidates control of all of China, initiates Sui Dynasty
Massive building projects
Military labor
Conscripted labor

3. The Grand Canal
Intended to promote trade between north and south China and allow the transport of food
Most Chinese rivers flow west-east
Linked network of earlier canals
2000k (1240 miles)
Roads on either bank

4. The Tang Dynasty ( CE)
Wide discontent over conscripted labor in Sui dynasty
Military failures in Korea prompt rebellion
Emperor assassinated in 618
Tang Dynasty initiated

5. Tang Taizong Second emperor of Tang dynasty (r. 627-649 CE)
Murdered two brothers, thrust father aside to take throne
Strong ruler
Built capital at Chang’an
Law and order
Taxes, prices low
More effective implementation of earlier Sui policies

6. Major achievements of Tang Dynasty
Transportation and communications
Extensive postal, courier services
Equal-field System
20% of land hereditary ownership
80% redistributed according to formula
Family size, land fertility
Worked well until 8th century
Corruption, loss of land to Buddhist monasteries

7. Bureaucracy of Merit Imperial civil service examinations
Confucian educational curriculum
Some bribery, nepotism
But most advance through merit
Built loyalty to the dynasty
System remains strong until early 20th century

8. Tang Military Expansion and Foreign Relations
Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet
One of the largest expansions of China in its history
Established tributary relationships
Gifts
China as “Middle Kingdom”
The kowtow ritual

9. The Sui and Tang dynasties, 589-907 C.E.

10. Tang Decline
Governmental neglect: Emperor obsessed with music, favorite concubine
775 rebellion under An Lushan, former military commander
Captures Chang’an, but rebellion crushed by 763
Nomadic Uighur mercenaries invited to suppress rebellion, sacked Chang’an and Luoyang
Tang decline continues, rebellions in 9th century, last emperor abdicates 907

11. Song Dynasty ( CE)
Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the arts
Military not emphasized
Direction of first emperor, Song Taizu (r CE)
Former military leader
Made emperor by troops
Instituted policy of imperial favor for civil servants, expanded meritocracy

12. Song Weaknesses Size of bureaucracy heavy drain on economy
Two peasant rebellions in 12th c.
Internal inertia prevents reform of bureaucracy
Civil service leadership of military
Lacked military training
Unable to contain nomadic attacks

13. Agricultural Economies of the Tang and Song Dynasties
Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, 2 crops per year
Technology: iron plows, use of draft animals
Soil fertilization, improved irrigation
Water wheels, canals
Terrace farming

14. Population Growth Result of increased agricultural production
Effective food distribution system
Transportation networks built under Tang and Song dynasties

15. Urbanization Chang’an world’s most populous city: 2 million residents
Southern Song capital Hangzhou: over 1 million
Several cities over 100,000

16. Patriarchal Social Structures
More on this later!
Increased emphasis on ancestor worship
Elaborate grave rituals
Extended family gatherings in honor of deceased ancestors
Footbinding gains popularity
Increased control by male family members

17. Technology and Industry
Porcelain (“Chinaware”)
Increase of iron production due to use of coke, not coal, in furnaces
Agricultural tools, weaponry
Gunpowder invented
Earlier printing techniques refined
Moveable type by mid-11th century
Yet complex Chinese ideographs make wood block technique easier
Naval technology

18. Emergence of a Market Economy
“Flying money:” letters of credit developed to deal with copper coin shortages
Promissory notes, checks also used
Development of independently produced paper money
Not as stable, riots when not honored
Government claims monopoly on money production in 11th century
Increasingly cosmopolitan nature of Chinese cities
Chinese silk opens up trade routes, but increases local demands for imported luxury goods

19. Cultural Change in Tang and Song China
Declining confidence in Confucianism after collapse of Han dynasty
Increasing popularity of Buddhism
Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam also appear
Clientele primarily foreign merchant class

20. Conflicts with Chinese Culture
Buddhism:
Text-based (Buddhist teachings)
Emphasis on Metaphysics
Ascetic ideal
Celibacy
isolation
Confucianism:
Text-based (Confucian teachings)
Daoism not text-based
Emphasis on ethics, politics
Family-centered
Procreation
Filial piety

21. Chan (Zen) Buddhism Buddhists adapt ideology to Chinese climate
Dharma translated as dao
Nirvana translated as wuwei
Accommodated family lifestyle
“one son in monastery for ten generations of salvation”
Limited empahsis on textual study, meditation instead

22. Persecution of Buddhists
Daoist/Confucian persecution supported in late Tang dynasty
840s begins systematic closure of Buddhist temples, expulsions
Zoroastrians, Christians, Manicheans as well
Economic motive: seizure of large monastic landholdings

23. Neo-Confucianism
Song dynasty refrains from persecuting Buddhists, but favors Confucians
Neo-Confucians influenced by Buddhist thought
Zhu Xi ( CE) important synthesizer
Popular to 20th century
New (and improved?)
Neo =

24. Cultural Beauty or Cruelty?
Foot Binding:
Cultural Beauty or Cruelty?

25. What is it?
This was a custom practiced on females for approximately one thousand years in China.
It began in the 10th century and ending in the early 20th century.
This act, foot binding, was an attempt to stop the growth of the foot.

26. Foot binding was a status symbol, since only the wealthy could afford to keep women unproductive.
Foot binding continued to spread from the royalty, to the wealthy and eventually all classes of people had their feet bound.
Poor people did so in hopes of improving their social status.
According to legend, women were bound in this way to replicate an imperial concubine who danced with her feet wrapped in silk.

27. The Process
In China foot binding started between the ages of 4 and 6. Why?
so that the arch did not have much time to develop.
The mother who was the one to bind the feet, and usually started the process late in the fall or winter.
Why? - so the foot would be numb and the pain would not be as severe
The daughters' feet would first be soaked in warm water or animal blood and herbs. The special potion that was used for this caused any dead flesh (Skin) to fall off.
She would have her toe nails cut as short as possible therefore not allowing them to grow into the foot. After she received a foot massage, the four smallest toes on each foot were broken

28. The mother soaked silk or cotton bandages in the same liquid the girl's feet were soaked in. The bandages, which were ten feet long and two inches wide, were wrapped around the smallest toes and pulled tightly to the heel. The toes were doubled under the soles, and deep cuts might be made in the soles to make this easier
Every two days, the binding was removed and rebound. This part of the process went on for two years. The process was very painful; every time the feet were rebound the bandages were pulled tighter.
By this time her feet were three to four inches long. To assure the feet staying small, the ritual continued for at least ten more years

29. Her heels developed extremely hard calluses because she walked on her heels, unable to put weight on her doubled-under toes.
The ideal was a 3-in. foot, and no longer than 4 in. Bound feet would bend, becoming so concave they were sometimes described as "lotus hooks".
The binding process resulted in intense pain and caused phalanges to fracture easily

34. Possible Problems?
As the girl reached adulthood, her feet would remain small and dysfunctional, prone to infection, paralysis, and muscular atrophy.
The pain of the bound feet never stopped.
The most common consequence was infection.
The ball of the foot would folding directly into the heel.
The toenails continued to grow, eventually curling into the skin. This led to flesh rotting off, and sometimes even a toe.
The worst part of the process was that the feet would practically die after three years.
The feet being dead caused a terrible smell the girl carried with her everywhere. Diseases followed infections, and death could even result from foot binding.

35. The women who had their feet bound were more likely to:
Fall
Less able to squat
Less able to rise from a sitting position in their older years.
The combination of the lower hip bone density, along with the fact women with bound feet were more likely to fall, put these women at an extremely high risk for hip fractures.

36. Opposition
The Manchus who conquered China in the 17th century tried without success to abolish the practice.
Manchu women were forbidden from binding their feet or the feet of their daughters. Instead they wore 'flower bowl' shoes which gave the illusion of tiny feet.
Bound feet became an important differentiating marker between Manchu and Han.
In 1911, the Republic of China government banned foot binding; women were told to unwrap their feet lest they be killed.
Some women's feet grew 1/2 - 1 inch after the unwrapping, though some found the new growth process extremely painful and emotionally and culturally devastating.

37. Rational
Men in China in that era would not marry a woman who did not have bound feet. The man's mother was always responsible for making sure the woman he was to marry had bound feet.
If the mother of the man lifted up the woman's dress and discovered "clown feet," she would not allow her son to speak to that woman again. The mother of the man that she loved finding out she does not have bound feet was the most embarrassing thing that could happen to you.
Clown feet!?!

38. Rational
Feet binding also divided men and women and upheld old Chinese beliefs. Foot binding kept women weak, out of power, and dominated by her husband. When women bound their feet, men could dominate more easily and not worry about women taking their power.
The process took place so early, the young girl had no choice but to follow her family's order and have her feet bound. She was seen as an object to the men, to be observed and look pretty, therefore appealing to men mattered more to the girls than their health.

39. Western Misconception
First, many westerners believed that it was only the wealthy women that had their feet bound and the poor women strongly disagreed with the process.
The truth is that only the Hakka community and the boat dwellers of the Tanka community shunned it but the rest of the Chinese society put it on a high pedestal.
Secondly, Westerners believed that it was only women who followed through with this process but this is incorrect.
Some men- primarily actors and prostitutes also bound their feet. Although foot binding had many misconceptions it did continue long after the nineteenth century

40. Other cultural modifications: Neck stretching:
Is this really so unusual though – isn’t it just another instance of women making themselves beautiful through pain? And what about men?
Other cultural modifications:
Neck stretching:
Rings are snapped around the necks of girls beginning at the age of six. A few rings may be added every year, up to a limit of 20. The record, according to one village woman, is 28 brass rings.
The women's necks aren't actually stretched. Rather, the weight of the rings gradually crushes the women's collar bones, producing the illusion of long necks

41. Lip Plates
Six months to a year before a girl is to be married, a small incision is made in the middle of her bottom lip and a stick is put in.
Slowly over time, larger disks are inserted until her lip is stretched big enough to be used for a basketball hoop.
Many girls have their two lower teeth knocked out to accommodate the huge plate causing them to drool and have trouble speaking normally.
The bigger the lip plate, the more physical strife the woman is able to withstand, and the stronger she’ll be as a partner to her husband.
For many women getting a lip plate is the only hope they have for a decent marriage: the bigger the lip, the more desirable a woman is, and the more cattle the groom’s family has to “trade” for him to get a wife.

42. Tattooing
Tattooing has actually been practiced since the time of the ancient Egyptians and is common throughout the world
Tattooing instruments have been found at archaeological digs in Europe that place the time as early as 10,000 BC.

43. Piercing
the practice of piercing a hole through the skin and inserting a piece of metal, bone, shell, ivory or glass to wear as an ornament has been around for millennia

44. Others? Dying, straightening, etc hair Make up Scarring High Heels
Contacts (colored eyes/designs)
Botox
Waxing
Plastic surgery

45. Corsets
As early as 1700 BC, the Minoan men and women wore corsets to pull in the waist. 
After years of pulling corsets tighter and tighter,  they dislocated internal organs—
constricting the lungs and heart
putting pressure on the liver
pushing up the stomach
squeezing the small intestines and bowels
and compressing the bladder.

46. Plastic surgery
Some of these operations are called "cosmetic", and others are called "reconstructive".
The history of plastic surgery reaches back to the 1900's.
Physicians in ancient India were utilizing skin grafts for reconstructive work as early as the 8th century BC.