1. Population, Urbanism, And The Environment
Chapter 21
Population, Urbanism, And The Environment

2. Chapter Outline Demography and the U.S. Census
Diversity and Three Basic Demographic Processes
Population Characteristics
Theories of Population Growth
Checking Population Growth
Urbanism
Ecology and the Environment
Globalization: Population and Environment in the Twenty-First Century

3. Three Demographic Processes
The total number of people in a society at any given moment is determined by:
Births
Deaths
Migrations

4. Births
The crude birth rate for the entire world is about 27.1 births per thousand people.
The crude birth rate for the U.S. is about 16 births per thousand people.
Minority groups tend to have higher birth rates than Whites.

5.  Deaths
In the U.S. poverty and minority status result in lowered life expectancy and increased infant mortality.
The U.S. ranks near the bottom among Western nations with a life expectancy of 76.2.
Women around the world experience higher life expectancy than men.

6.  Deaths
The lower one's social class, the less one's life expectancy, regardless of gender.
Minority group individuals, especially African Americans, Hispanics and Native Americans, have lower life expectancies and higher infant mortality than Whites.

7.  Migration
Current migration patterns in the U.S. have resulted in an increase of people of color in urban and suburban areas.
Large portions of populations, such as the underclass, remain stuck in central cities.

8.  Malthusian Theory
Idea that population grows faster than the subsistence needed.
Predicted uncontrolled population growth checked by famine, disease, and war.

9. Malthusian Theory
Three revolutionary developments that derailed the cycle of growth and catastrophe:
Technological advances in agriculture
Medical control of disease
Development and widespread use of contraceptives

10. Demographic Transition Theory
Three stages to population change
Stage 1 - high birthrate and high death rate.
Stage 2 - High birthrate and lower death rate
Stage 3 - low birthrate and low death rate

11. Zero Population Growth
The environment is a critical factor in the growth and health of populations.
Many of the predictions have been realized.
Despite advances, worldwide population growth is still out of control.
Advocates policies promoting zero population growth to reach population replacement level.

12. Theories of  Urbanism
Simmel - urban life leads individuals to become insensitive and avoid emotional involvement.
Wirth - the city is a center of distant, cold interpersonal interaction.
Gans - many city residents develop strong loyalties and have a sense of community.

13. Race, Class, and the Suburbs
1/4 of African Americans live in suburban areas, where sub-groupings tend to form based on class and race.
Racial segregation, promoted by landlords, homeowners, and realtors, persists in suburban neighborhoods and schools.

14. Human Ecology and the Environment
Any society is an ecosystem with interdependent forces:
human populations
natural resources
the environment

15. Human Ecology and the Environment
Depletion of a natural resource affects other parts of the ecosystem.
Toxic waste dumps are often at or very near areas with high concentration of minorities.
In the past three decades, federal and local agencies have made concerted efforts to bring environmental pollution under control.

16. Population and Environment in the 21st Century
The UNDP estimates that the world population will stabilize at 10 billion, with a high estimate of as much as 14 billion.
The U.S. will continue to experience increasing suburban development, heavy industry, and additional pollution.