1. Unit II Population and Migration

2. Gapminder 200 Countries, 200 Years

3. Concepts (Key Issue 1) Demography
Key Issue 1- Where is the World’s Population Distributed? Population Concentrations East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Europe, Eastern North America

4. World Population Cartogram

5. World Population Trends

6. Counter to World Trends
Russia offers a bonus payment of about $10,000 for having a 2nd child.

7. Concepts (Key Issue 1)
Sparsely Populated Regions Ecumene-Earth’s surface occupied by permanent settlement. Places that are sparsely populated: Dry Lands, Wet Lands, Cold Lands, High Lands Population Density Arithmetic, Physiological, Agricultural

9. Concepts (Key Issue 2)
Key Issue 2- Where has the Population Increased?
Crude Birth Rate (CBR) (Out of 1000)
Crude Death Rate (CDR) (Out of 1000)
Natural Increase Rate (NIR) (%)
Understand How to determine NIR
(CBR – CDR) ÷ 10 = NIR %

10. Crude Birth Rate

11. Natural Increase Rate

12. Concepts (Key Issue 2) Doubling Time Fertility
Total fertility Rate (TFR) – Avg. number of children throughout childbearing years (15-49)
TFR for the World is 2.5
TFR exceeds 5 in sub-Saharan Africa
TFR is 2 or less in nearly all European countries
TFR in the US is 1.88

13. TFR

14. US TFR

15. Concepts (Key Issue 2)
Infant Mortality rate (IMR) – The annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births. (As with CBR and CDR, the IMR is often expressed out of 1000)

16. Concepts (Key Issue 2)
Life Expectancy
Compare LDC’s with MDC’s

17. Life Expectancy at Birth

18. Life Expectancy (State/Similar County)

19. Concepts (Key Issue 3)
Why is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries? The Demographic Transition Stages 1-5

20. Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

21. DTM Stage 1
Low Growth Agricultural Revolution Characterized by a: High Crude Death Rate (CDR) and High Crude Birth Rate (CBR) this keeps the population around the same

22. DTM Stage 2
High Growth Industrial Revolution Medical Revolution (20th Century) Characterized by a: Dropping Crude Death Rate (CDR) and High Crude Birth Rate (CBR) This causes the population to rise

23. DTM Stage 3
Moderate Growth Characterized by a: Crude Death Rate (CRD) continues to fall but levels off and the high Crude Birth Rate (CBR) begins to drop sharply but is still higher than the Crude Death Rate (CDR) so there is still population growth but at a slower pace.

24. DTM Stage 4
Low Growth Characterized by a: Crude Birth Rate (CBR) declines to the point that it equals the Crude Death Rate (CDR) causing the Natural Increase Rate (NIR) to approach zero. This causes Zero Population Growth (ZPG).
America (4 and 5)

25. DTM Stage 5
Negative Growth Characterized by: Crude Birth Rate (CBR) drops below the Crude Death Rate (CDR) causing a decrease in the population.

26. DTM Example in England Stage 1: Low growth until 1750
Stage 2: High growth
Stage 3: Moderate growth early 1970’s
Stage 4: Early 1970’s – Present?
Stage 5: ?

27. Other Concepts
Dependency Ratio- people who are too young or old to work (0-14 and over 65) A larger dependency ratio implies greater financial burden on the working class (85% in sub-Saharan Africa, while percent in Europe)

28. Look at how the data is presented
Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population)
Year
Value
2011
48.91
2012
49.21
2013
49.67
2014
50.26

29. Sex Ratio – number of males per 100 females -Developed countries have more females than males because they tend to live 7 years longer.

30. Sex Ratio

31. Population Pyramids
Fertility and Mortality vary not only spatially but also temporally within a country
Display of a countries population using an age and gender based bar graph X-Axis % male displayed to the left of zero % female displayed to the right of zero Y-Axis Age cohorts typically grouped in 5yr intervals Youngest displayed at bottom oldest at top

32. Population Pyramid

33. Population Pyramid

34. How would you illustrate each of the five stages of the DTM using population pyramids?

36. Concepts (Key Issue 3)
Applying the DTM and Population Pyramids to various countries
Lets remember the information comes from census data (in the US it is collected every ten years)

37. Concepts (Key Issue 4)
Why Might the World Face an Overpopulation Problem?
Thomas Malthus ( ) An Essay on the Principle of Population
Where is Malthus right, and where is he wrong?

38. Thomas Malthus

39. Malthus (right or wrong?)

40. Neo-Malthusians
Many believe that a “Malthusian” catastrophe is still a possibility. 1. Sustainability- Can we keep up with future population growth food demands? 2. 1st World citizen consumes 8 times that of a 3rd world citizen. (We no longer use 1st and 3rd) 3. Natural Resources over time will become depleted. Will the world in 2100 have enough resources and materials?

41. Epidemiological Transition Model (Supporting CDR numbers in the DTM)
Epidemiologic Transition Model - Medical research has identified an epidemiological transition that focuses on distinct health threats to each stage of the DTM Stage 1: Pestilence and Famine (High CDR)
Principal cause of death: infectious and parasitic diseases (Ex: Bubonic plague)

42. Epidemiologic Transition Model (continued)
Stage 2: Receding Pandemic (Rapidly Declining CDR) Pandemic: a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population. What helps reduce the spread of disease? sanitation, nutrition, medicine Famous Cholera pandemic in London in the mid nineteenth century is an example

43. Cholera Pandemic

44. Epidemiologic Transition Model (continued)
Stage 3: Degenerative Diseases (Moderately Declining CDR) -Decrease in deaths from infections diseases. -Increase in chronic disorders connected to aging such as cardiovascular disease, and cancer Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases (Low but Increasing CDR) - Deaths caused by cardiovascular disease and cancer delayed because of modern medicine.

45. Epidemiologic Transition Model (continued)
Reasons for possible stage 5 -Evolution- infections disease microbes evolve and establish a resistance to drugs and insecticides. Antibiotics and genetic engineering contributes to the emergence of new strains of viruses and bacteria. -Poverty- Infections diseases are more prevalent in poor areas because of conditions and inability to afford drugs for treatment. -Increased Connections- Advancements in modes of transportation, especially air travel, connects the world and its infections more. Some portions of this came from