1. Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter P
Prerequisites:
Fundamental Concepts of Algebra
P.1 Algebraic Expressions,
Mathematical Models,
and Real Numbers
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 1

2. Objectives:
Evaluate algebraic expressions.
Use mathematical models.
Find the intersection of two sets.
Find the union of two sets.
Recognize subsets of the real numbers.
Use inequality symbols.
Evaluate absolute value.
Use absolute value to express distance.
Identify properties of real numbers.
Simplify algebraic expressions.

3. Algebraic Expressions
If a letter is used to represent various numbers, it is called a variable. A combination of variables and numbers using the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division, as well as powers or roots, is called an algebraic expression. Evaluating an algebraic expression means to find the value of the expression for a given value of the variable.
The expression bn is called an exponential expression.

4. Example: Evaluating an Algebraic Expression
Evaluate 8 + 6(x – 3)2 for x = 13.
Solution:
8 + 6(x – 3)2 = 8 + 6(13 – 3)2
= (10)2
= 8 + 6(100) =
= 608

5. Formulas and Mathematical Models
An equation is formed when an equal sign is placed between two algebraic expressions. A formula is an equation that uses variables to express a relationship between two or more quantities. The process of finding formulas to describe real-world phenomena is called mathematical modeling. Such formulas, together with the meaning assigned to the variables, are called mathematical models.

6. Example: Using a Mathematical Model
The formula models the average cost of tuition and fees, T, for public U.S. colleges for the school year ending x years after 2000.
Use the formula to project the average cost of tuition and fees at public U.S. colleges for the school year ending in 2015.
x = years after 2000 = 2015 – 2000 = 15
We substitute 15 for x in the formula.

7. Example: Using a Mathematical Model (continued)
The formula indicates that for the school year ending in
2015, the average cost of tuition and fees at public U.S.
colleges will be $9209.

8. Sets
A set is a collection of objects whose contents can be clearly determined. The objects in a set are called the elements of the set. We use braces, { }, to indicate that we are representing a set.
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...} is an example of the roster method of representing a set. The three dots after the 5, called an ellipsis, indicates that there is no final element and that the listing goes on forever.
If a set has no elements, it is called the empty set, or the null set, and is represented by the Greek letter phi,

9. Set-Builder Notation
In set-builder notation, the elements of the set are described but not listed.
is read, “The set of all x such that x is a counting number less than 6”.
The same set written using the roster method is
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.

10. Definition of the Intersection of Sets
The intersection of sets A and B, written is the set of elements common to both set A and set B. This definition can be expressed in set-builder notation as follows:

11. Example: Finding the Intersection of Two Sets
Find the intersection:
The elements common to {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} and {3, 7, 8, 9} are 3 and 7. Thus,

12. Definition of the Union of Sets
The union of sets A and B, written , is the set of elements that are members of set A or of set B or of both sets. This definition can be expressed in
set-builder notation as follows:
We can find the union of set A and set B by listing the elements of set A. Then we include any elements of
set B that have not already been listed. Enclose all elements that are listed with braces. This shows that the union of two sets is also a set.

13. Example: Finding the Union of Two Sets
Find the union:
To find the union of both sets, start by listing all elements from the first set, namely, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Now list all elements from the second set that are not in the first set, namely, 8 and 9. The union is the set consisting of all these elements.
Thus,

14. The Set of Real Numbers
The sets that make up the Real Numbers, , are:
The set of Natural Numbers, N
the set of Whole Numbers, W
the set of Integers, Z
the set of Rational Numbers,
and the set of Irrational Numbers, ~Q. Irrational numbers cannot be expressed as a quotient of integers.

15. The Set of Real Numbers (continued)
The set of Natural Numbers, the set of Whole Numbers, the set of Integers, the set of Rational Numbers, and the set of Irrational Numbers, are subsets of the set of Real Numbers.

16. Example: Recognizing Subsets of the Real Numbers
Consider the following set of numbers:
List the numbers in the set that are natural numbers.
, is the only natural number in the set.
List the numbers in the set that are whole numbers.
The whole numbers in the set are 0, and

17. Example: Recognizing Subsets of the Real Numbers (continued)
Consider the following set of numbers:
List the numbers in the set that are integers.
The numbers in the set that are integers are
–9, 0, and

18. Example: Recognizing Subsets of the Real Numbers
Consider the following set of numbers:
List the numbers in the set that are rational numbers.
The numbers in the set that are rational numbers are
and
List the numbers in the set that are irrational numbers.
The numbers in the set that are irrational numbers are

19. The Real Number Line
The real number line is a graph used to represent the set of real numbers. An arbitrary point, called the origin, is labeled 0. The distance from 0 to 1 is called the unit distance. Numbers to the right of the origin are positive and numbers to the left of the origin are negative. On the real number line, the real numbers increase from left to right.

20. Inequality Symbols
The following symbols are called inequality symbols. These symbols always point to the lesser of the two real numbers when the inequality statement is true.
means that a is less than b
means that a is less than or equal to b
means that a is greater than b
means that a is greater than or equal to b
When we compare the size of real numbers we say that we are ordering the real numbers.

21. Absolute Value
The absolute value of a real number a, denoted , is the distance from 0 to a on the number line. The distance is always taken to be nonnegative.
Definition of absolute value

22. Example: Evaluating Absolute Value
Rewrite the expression without absolute value bars:
answer:

23. Distance between Points on a Real Number Line
If a and b are any two points on a real number line, then the distance between a and b is given by or

24. Example: Distance between Two Points on a Number Line
Find the distance between –4 and 5 on the real number line.
Because the distance between –4 and 5 on the real number line is given by , the distance between –4 and 5 is

25. Properties of the Real Numbers
The Commutative Property of Addition
a + b = b + a
The Commutative Property of Multiplication
ab = ba
The Associative Property of Addition
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
The Associative Property of Multiplication
(ab)c = a(bc)

26. Properties of the Real Numbers (continued)
The Distributive Property of Multiplication over Addition
a(b + c) = ab + ac
The Identity Property of Addition
a + 0 = a
The Identity Property of Multiplication

27. Properties of the Real Numbers (continued)
The Inverse Property of Addition
The Inverse Property of Multiplication

28. Example: Identifying Properties of the Real Numbers
State the name of the property illustrated:
3 + (5 + 2) = (3 + 5) + 2
The Associative Property of Addition
The Inverse Property of Multiplication

29. Simplifying Algebraic Expressions
To simplify an algebraic expression we combine like terms. Like terms are terms that have exactly the same variable factors. An algebraic expression is simplified when parentheses have been removed and like terms have been combined.

30. Example: Simplifying an Algebraic Expression