1. Step 1: Memorize IPA - practice quiz today - real quiz on Tuesday (over consonants)!
Phonology is about looking for patterns and arguing your assessment of those patterns (be clear, orderly and logical)
Course calendar may change depending on you
HW1 due Tues 1/17 – practice for Quiz
Quiz 1 is on Tues 1/17; Quiz 2 on Thurs 1/19
About me, you and this course.
Webpage: web.pdx.edu/~connjc

2. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Phonology - the organization of sound system of a language – includes how sounds vary within contexts, the sequencing and distribution of sounds, and it is interfaced with other aspects of grammar like syntax and morphology.
Phonemic distinction - a phonetic difference is meaningful
Phonemes = the minimal units that serve to distinguish words with each other (p. 20)

3. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis Looking for meaningful contrast between sounds
(distinctive sounds, sounds in opposition) = phonemes
Minimal Pairs - 2 forms with distinct meanings that differ by only 1 segment found in the same position in each form
Like 2 words that rhyme (minimal pairs test for consonants)
sip and zip show a meaningful difference between the segments [s] and [z]
Because of this minimal pair, we can say for sure that /s/ and /z/ are separate phonemes
Can also use minimal triplet or for more, minimal set

4. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis Minimal pairs is a test used to find phonemes
Phonemes - segments that contrast with each other in a particular language belong to separate phonemes
Can’t always find MP for all phonemes in all environments
only occur in certain environments in English

5. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
When 2 or more sounds never occur in the same environment then they are in complementary distribution

6. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
When 2 or more sounds never occur in the same environment then they are in complementary distribution
voiceless stop
aspirated voiceless stop
unreleased voiceless stop

7. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Allophones - When two or more segments are phonetically distinct but phonologically the same (predictable variation).
at the Daily Planet
saving the world
at Darcelle’s

8. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis Phonemic representation /p/
Phonetic representation - shows all allophones and all information about segments that is phonetically produced
Phonemic representation - only shows phoneme
Phonemic representation
/p/
Phonetic representation

9. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis Phonemic representation /p/ [p] [ph]
English – one phoneme /p/ and allophones include [p] and [ph]
Phonemic representation
/p/
[p] [ph]
Phonetic representation
Thai – 2 phonemes /p/ and /ph/
Phonemic representation
/p/ /ph/
[p] [ph]
Phonetic representation

10. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis Environments
Complementary Distribution - remember that the phoneme /p/ has 3 allophones:
Environments
Phonetic Environments Examples
# ___ word initial
___ # word final
s ___ after [s]
___ C before a consonants
C ___ V between a consonant and a vowel
V ___ V between two vowels
V ___ # word-final after a vowel
C ___ # word-final after a consonant

11. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
The component of the grammar that determines the selection of speech sounds and that governs both the sound patterns and the systematic phonetic variation found in language.
Phoneme - the idea of the sound and organizational unit for all its allophones - in yo’ head
Allophones - the phonetic realizations of the phoneme in certain phonetic environments - out yo’ mouth

12. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis

13. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Yes - minimal pairs 1-7; 2-8; 3-9; 4-10 so:

14. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis Phonetic Environments # ___ word initial
___ # word final
s ___ after [s]
o ___ e between [o] and [e]
Phonetic Environments
___ C before a consonant
C ___ V between a consonant and a vowel
V ___ V between two vowels
V ___ # word-final after a vowel
C ___ # word-final after a consonant

15. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
organize
your data

16. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Organize your data! = Where does each sound occur? List the specific immediately preceding sound and the specific immediately following sound (don’t generalize yet!)

17. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis Phonetic Environments # ___ word initial
___ # word final
s ___ after [s]
o ___ e between [o] and [e]
Phonetic Environments
___ C before a consonant
C ___ V between a consonant and a vowel
V ___ V between two vowels
V ___ # word-final after a vowel
C ___ # word-final after a consonant

18. before [a], [o], [e], [o:], word initially, etc
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Organize your data! = Where does each sound occur? List the specific immediately preceding sound and the specific immediately following sound (don’t generalize yet!)
before [a], [o], [e], [o:], word initially, etc
elsewhere
all before [u]
all before [i]

19. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis

20. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Underlying representation (UR) - the unpredictable phonological information represented in a phonemic representation (green folders)
Surface representations (PR) - the phonetic representations (manila folders)
We use rules (formalized phonological processes) to derive the PR from the UR

21. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis

22. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
The text talks about /eI/ shortening – that the vowel is shorter before voiceless consonants. See data on p. 22 for more details. Everyone understand this?

23. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
We use rules (formalized phonological processes) to derive the PR from the UR
Phonological rules are:
language specific – not all languages follow the same rules (not all langs have shorter vowels before voiceless consonants)
Productive – extend to novel cases – If new word create in Eng, vake, would follow shortening rule
Give rise to well-formedness intuitions – violations are sensed intuitively
Untaught – not something we learn through direct instruction, but rather intuitively
Form part of unconscious knowledge – these are rules we follow but don’t know we follow – why we don’t necessarily know that there is a shorter vowel before voiceless consonants

24. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Basically, based on the distribution of sounds, we can say that these sounds are in complementary distribution. All of the allophones except 1 will be predictable (they will occur in a predictable environment – usually due to assimilation or something like that). The 1 allophone that is NOT predictable we call elsewhere. This way, we can use that as the phoneme (the least predictable allophone) and write a rule do derive other allophones.

25. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Think about Japanese data – we could say that one of the affricates is the phoneme, and we would have to write a very messy rule to predict where its allophone of [t] would occur!
We are going backwards from the data and based on the distribution and patterning of sounds, we are theorizing that certain sounds are organized under 1 unit (a phoneme) and there are rules to predict its occurrence

26. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Formalizing phonological rules: the first step is to be able to state in prose and use a simplified features system
Look at the data for /l/ in Eng on p. 25 (below too). Everyone understand the analysis?

27. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Now we can come up with rules to derive the non-elsewhere allophones. See list of rules on p. 29 and below
Note that some use ___ # to indicate word final while text uses ___ ]word

28. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Now look at derivations on p. 30 (below). Need to run all possible /l/ instances through all rules to make sure that the rule applies when it does and it doesn’t apply incorrectly

29. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis Minimal Pair Near Minimal Pair
Minimal pair vs. near minimal pair.
Minimal Pair
sip and zip show a meaningful difference between the segments
[s] and [z]
Near Minimal Pair
author and either show a meaningful difference between the segments
However, if we are trying to find allophones of 1 phoneme, then a near minimal pair could include words where the 2 sounds in question are just in the same environment but not necessarily a minimal pair – like tether and pleasure

30. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
It is due to phonology and organization of sounds that can differ between languages rather than the sounds themselves. Compare Spanish and English.

31. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
It is due to phonology and organization of sounds that can differ between languages rather than the sounds themselves. Compare Spanish and English.

32. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
It is due to phonology and organization of sounds that can differ between languages rather than the sounds themselves. Compare Spanish and English.
Looking at the 4 sounds involved – here are how they are phonetically related.

33. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
It is due to phonology and organization of sounds that can differ between languages rather than the sounds themselves. Compare Spanish and English.
Looking at the 4 sounds involved – here are how they are phonologically different in the 2 languages.

34. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Massai data - we notice that there can be complementary distribution identified for 3 sounds belonging to 1 phoneme for 3 different phonemes. Notice that the same rule can be applied to all the different allophones and that this is a more general process due to natural classes.

35. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Natural class of sounds is defined as any complete set of sounds in a given language that share the same value for a feature or set of features. (p. 43) Note that it needs to be all sounds possible for that language – they will usually behave the same (share phonological rules).

36. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis Minimal Pair Near Minimal Pair
Minimal pair vs. near minimal pair.
Minimal Pair
sip and zip show a meaningful difference between the segments
[s] and [z]
Near Minimal Pair
author and either show a meaningful difference between the segments
However, if we are trying to find allophones of 1 phoneme, then a near minimal pair could include words where the 2 sounds in question are just in the same environment but not necessarily a minimal pair – like tether and pleasure

37. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Practice with Phonemic analysis in class exercises - groups

38. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Practice with Phonemic analysis in class exercises - groups

39. Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Added slide!

40. [fo nEkst taIm]: Keep on Ch 2 /Start Ch 3
Remember Quizzes on IPA next week and HW1 due on Tuesday!