1. Development of Eco-friendly Packaging Film Using Protein Isolates A. V
Development of Eco-friendly Packaging Film Using Protein Isolates A.V.Patel1, T.M.Panchal1, M.Thomas1, A.Gupte2, J.V.Patel1* 1Institute of Science and Technology for Advanced Studies and Research (ISTAR), Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat , India. 2N.V.Patel College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat , India.

2. Abstract
Research on biodegradable plastic has been in demand as the conventional plastic waste is chocking the globe.
This paper focuses on fabrication and testing of biodegradable films. Protein, from maize gluten, Chitosan and Polyvinyl alcohol were the ingredients in fabricating biodegradable film amongst which protein being the key ingredient.
Effect of protein concentration in resultant film was studied using mechanical, structural, thermal, barrier and morphological behaviour.
All the performance testing were compared with commercially available packaging film as a standard.
Results of FEG-SEM shows that all three polymers have good compatibility and disperse homogeneously.
This film also shows good antimicrobial activity against model bacteria. The results reveals that protein based biofilms has great potential for packaging applications and is promising alternative for petroleum based materials.

3. Introduction What is Plastics..?????
Plastics are most versatile material ever invented.
It is a synthetic or semi-synthetic organic material which can be molded or is capable of shaping, is known as a plastic.
Plastic is literally at my fingertips all day long. Plastic keyboard, plastic framed computer monitor, plastic mouse….. etc. The amount of plastic we encounter daily doesn’t end there. Chances are, you can relate. plastic is an epidemic.

4. The plastic era 1955 Time magazine 1955 – Throwaway Living
“ Disposable products cut down on house hold chores”

5. In just 25 years, consumption rate of plastic bags has grown from almost zero to use of over 500,000,000,000 (that’s 500 billion) plastic bags annually … almost 1 million per minute.
An average person uses an average of 200 pounds per year.
Plastic bags are used for an average of 12 minutes, but a single plastic bag has a life expectancy of up to 1,000 years.

6. Disadvantages of plastics

7. Lets discuss the solution…!!

8. Mostly, plastic waste are recycled but, recycled products are more harmful to the environment as thus contains additives and colours.
The recycling of a virgin plastic material can be done 2-3 times only, because after every recycling, the plastic material deteriorates due to thermal pressure and its life span is reduced.
Hence recycling is not a safer and permanent solution for plastic waste disposal.
OXO-biodegradable plastics is another option, but which is also produced from fossil fuel, which is non renewable resources.
For OXO-biodegradable plastics we have to rely on finite resources.

9. Apart the hazardous effect of petroleum based plastics on environment, its finite resources have also become matter of discussion these days.
From the above facts regarding the pollution and finite resources of petroleum, we are enforced not to rely on petroleum base stock and rather find a “Green” route for plastic manufacturing.
The above discussed problems related to bio degradability of plastics can be easily solved by replacing those non-biodegradable plastics with the bio-degradable ones.

10. What are biodegradable plastics?
Biodegradable plastics are derived from biological sources instead of crude oil.
“Bio-plastics” – degrade completely in nature – are produced from renewable raw material resources – are more environmentally friendly than petroleum based plastics

11. Types of biodegradable polymers
Biodegradable polymers obtained by chemical synthesis. ( poly glycolic acid, poly lactic acid)
Biodegradable polymers produced through fermentation by microorganisms. ( polyesters- PHA, PHB)
Biodegradable polymers by using natural renewable resources. ( protein from veg. sources, starch, cellulose, chitosan)

12. Advantages of Biodegradable Plastics
Biodegradable plastics are renewable.
Biodegradable plastics are not toxic.
Biodegradable plastics reduce dependence on oil.
Biodegradable plastics require less energy to produce.
Biodegradable plastics take less time to breakdown.

13. Life cycle of biodegradable plastics

14. In this work an attempt has been made to find out optimum conditions for extraction of protein from maize gluten, and resultant protein extracted would be taken for further modifications, such as blending this protein with other biodegradable material to make competitive biodegradable plastics from renewable resources, which can perform in the same line as traditional petroleum based plastics with an added advantage of biodegradability along with cheaper and naturally available raw materials.

15. Analysis of Maize gluten
Sample
Fat content (%)
Protein content (%)
Moisture content (%)
Fibre content (%)
Ash content (%)
Total carbohydrate (%)
Maize gluten
1.51
70.75
9.56
5.05
3.59
19.1

16. Maize gluten Diluted HCl
A convenient procedure for protein extraction is described here.
In these present work Isolation of protein from maize gluten was performed by “Alkali extraction and Acid precipitation method”
Maize gluten Diluted HCl
Till iso- electric point is obtained
Alkali treatment
Centrifuge
Centrifuge
Collection of protein cake
Dried in hot air oven and powdered

17. Optimization of protein extraction method
Optimization of using NaOH solution
weight of Maize gluten taken for each isolation is 5 grams.
Normality of NaOH
Time (hours)
0.1N
0.5N 1N 2N 3N 1
3.28
3.14
2.98
2.47
2.30 2
3.47
3.30
3.10
3.04
2.01 3
3.60
3.51
3.39
3.23 4
3.56
3.50
2.95
2.68
2.20 5
3.29
2.74
2.34
1.73 6
2.97
2.39
1.59

18. Estimation of %Protein by Folin-Lowry
Normality of NaOH
Time (hours)
0.1N
0.5N 1N 2N 3N 1
76.02%
75.44%
73.60%
71.20%
70.48% 2
81.19%
82.36%
80.94%
79.35%
75.45% 3
90.81%
87.28%
86.38%
81.49%
79.54% 4
79.60%
76.76%
73.98%
70.52%
67.29% 5
75.27%
69.86%
67.83%
64.83%
61.39% 6
70.68%
63.27%
62.83%
60.87%
57.38%

19. Preparation of Bio-plastics film
Protein
Chitosan
PVA
Why protein? Protein share some vital characteristics with petroleum plastics.
Solution casting evaporation method.
Glycerol were used as a plasticizer.

20. Composition for Bio-plastics Film
Sample id
Concentration of solution (w/v)
MGP 3
MGP 3%, Chi 2%, PVA 5%
MGP 4
MGP 4%, Chi 2%, PVA 5%
MGP 5
MGP 5%, Chi 2%, PVA 5%

21. Results Mechanical Properties Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Oxygen transmission rate (OTR)
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA)
Field Emission Gun Scanning Electron Microscopy (FEG- SEM)
Antimicrobial

22. Mechanical Properties
Mechanical properties were determined using Texture analyser according to ASTM D-882.
Sample id
Thickness of Film (µm)
Tensile strength (MPa)
Elongation at break (%)
Young’s modulus (MPa)
Stiffness (N/m)
MGP 3
200
22.76
100.53
82.81
4559.5
MGP 4
209
19.21
92.89
102.65
5989.8
MGP 5
218
15.98
76.35
169.09
10372
LDPE 90
05.90
291.66
218.33
4465.9
T.S: express maximum stress developes in the film during testing and % elongation is the change in the length of specimen before breaking.
Stiffness is the rigidity of an object, it means, it resists deformation in response to applied force.

23. Water Vapour Transmission Rate (WVTR)
WVTR is one the important parameter for packaging film applications, its affects products quality and shelf life.
Sample id
Water vapour Transmission Rate (g/m2 24h)
MGP 3
666.94
MGP 4
674.49
MGP 5
751.30
LDPE 15
It is represent amount of water transfer through film from external environment to internal. Both protein and PVA has hydrophilic nature, because of that it absorb water and allow to pass from film.

24. Oxygen Transmission Rate (OTR)
Sample id
Oxygen Transmission Rate
( cm3/m2 24h 0.1 MPa)
MGP 3
160.90
MGP 4
151.82
MGP 5
147.89
LDPE
OTR has also great influence for food packaging. Barrier of oxygen from film increase shelf life and maintain food quality of the food.

25. Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA)
Sample
100°C
200°C
300°C
400°C
500°C
600°C
700°C
MGP 3
93.12%
74.17%
45.85%
28.01%
18.98%
14.92%
10.25%
MGP 4
93.42%
75.38%
42.89%
22.33%
14.35%
13.41%
12.96%
MGP 5
92.84%
74.81%
41.42%
22.51%
15.07%
14.00%
13.59%
TGA is well informative on how the material loses mass when heated, cause heat stability is an imp characteristics for any plastics and also for applications.
It helps to study decoposition temp of materials.

26. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
the observation of glass transition temperature (Tg) for a blend, between Tg of the used high molecular weight polymers. (Tg of PVA is around 90°C and Tg of Chi is 205 °C). Tg of MGP 4 blend film is °C, which is between PVA and Chi Tg it shows that good compatibility between all biodegradable polymers. Melting temperature (Tm) of the blend film is °C. Melting temperature of blend film were start from 154 °C upto 184 °C, which reaches maximum at 161 °C, which is lower compare to PVA melting because of protein has lower melting temperature. Crystallization temperature of blend film was at 139 °C.
Sample
Glass Transition Temp (Tg)
Melting Temperature (Tm)
Crystallization Temperature (Tc)
MGP 4
104.99°C
161.23°C
139°C

27. FEG- Scanning Electron Microscopy
FEG- Scanning Electron Microscopy Air dried film was studied using FEG - SEM under vacuum condition at 5.00 KV with 5000x magnification for surface morphology
MGP 3
MGP 4
The micrographs clearly shows that homogeneous phase between all three polymers, without any phase separation is observed. All blend film was in continues phase and without any pores. Moreover, no irregularities, such as pores, cracks or cryogenic fractures and air bubbles were observed. This indicates high compatibility between all the three polymers.
MGP 5

28. Antimicrobial activity of MGP films against E. coli
Antimicrobial action of bioplastic films were studied against Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria in liquid medium. (GROW curve method)
MGP 5

29. Antimicrobial activity of MGP films against P. aeruginosa

30. Antimicrobial activity of MGP films against B. megaterium

31. Antimicrobial activity of MGP films against B. subtilis

32. Degradation of biodegradable film under lab condition In soil

33. Conclusion
Protein was successfully isolated from maize gluten using “Alkali extraction and Acid precipitation ”
It can be concluded that the proposed method for extraction of protein from maize gluten is simpler and gives better quality of protein with maximum yield.
As the concentration of protein increases, tensile strength and elongation at break decreases, while young’s modulus and stiffness of the resultant biodegradable film increases.
Oxygen transmission rate decreases with increase in concentration of protein and OTR results are superior then LDPE film.
FEG-SEM images shows that all three polymers have good compatibility and disperse homogeneously.
This film also shows good antimicrobial activity against model bacteria.
The development of biodegradable plastics films shows best alternative for petroleum based plastics. In future years, renewable resources will use largely for prevent the ecosystem.

34. Reference
Luc Rigal, Antoine Rouily, Celine Geneau. “Film Extrusion of Sunflower protein isolate” DOI: /pen.20634
J. Jane, J. Zhang, P. Mungara. “ Mechanical and thermal properties of extruded soy protein sheets” Polymer, 42
Romero, A.; Guerrero, A.; Felix, M.; Martin-alfonso, J.E. Development of albumen/soy biobased materials processed by injection molding. J. food. Eng. 2014, 125, 7-16.
Yu, L.; Chen, L. Biodegradable polymer blends and composites from renewable resources. john Wiley and sons inc. 2009,  ISBN: 
Patel, D.; Toliwal, S.D.; Patel, J.V.; Gupte, A.; Patel, Y. Biodegradation Behavior of DOC Isolated Mixed Proteins-Based Plastic Sheets. Polym-plast. technol. 2012, 51,

35. Thank You. Contact Details:
“Nature has enough to satisfy every man’s need, but not every man’s greed”
Mahatma Gandhi
Thank You. Contact Details:
Dr. Jigar V. Patel Mr. Ankit V. Patel
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