1. All living things use it
Chemistry
All living things use it

2. Introduction
Questions:
What is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors?
What are some examples of each?
Living things take in materials and go through reactions to keep itself alive
Materials include:
abiotic (nonliving) – like water and air
biotic (living) – like food

3. Atoms They are the basic unit of all matter Made of two parts: Nucleus
Questions:
What are the three subatomic particles of an atom and their charges?
They are the basic unit of all matter
Made of two parts:
Nucleus
Proton – positive charge
Neutrons – no charge
Electron cloud
Electrons – negative charge

4. Elements, Isotopes, and Ions
Questions:
How are elements, ions, compounds, and atoms related?
An element - made of only one type of atom
Neutral – equal protons, neutrons, electrons
Isotope – Number of neutrons is different
Ion – different number of electrons
A compound - a substance made of two or more elements chemically combined
Examples: Salt, sugar, water
LA How are ideas related?

5. Why is water so important
Questions:
What properties of water make Earth suitable for life?
It’s polar molecule – with hydrogen (positive) and oxygen (negative)
It’s a good solvent
It can absorb large amount of heat with little change in its temperature
It expands when it freezes
It cools surfaces as it evaporates
It has cohesive and adhesive properties
Cohesion – attracted water
Adhesion – attracted other molecules
SC.910.L What properties of water make Earth a suitable place for life

6. Acids, Bases, and pH Questions:
Compare acids and bases?
Explain the pH scale?
Acid – a compound that forms H+ in solution
The properties include being sour and corrosive
Base – a compound that forms OH- in solution
The properties include being bitter and slippery
pH – system used to measure the pH
It ranges from 0-14
7 is neutral; less than 7 = acid; more than 7 = base
MA.912.S.3.2 Collect and analyze data

7. pH Scale Changing from one number to the next is not a difference of
1X larger or smaller
but a difference in
10X larger or smaller
To go from 1 to 3:
3 is actually 100 times
more basic than 1

8. Buffers
Questions:
Why is it important for the body to have buffers?
Weak acids or bases that react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp changes in pH
Buffers are present to maintain the correct pH in the body

9. Summary What are the three subatomic particles of an atom called?
Explain how atoms, elements, ions, isotopes, and compounds are related?
What are the four factors that help water make Earth suitable for life?
What is pH and how is it measured?
How are acids and bases different?

10. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Organic Molecules
Questions:
How are monomers, polymers, polymer-ization, and macro-molecules related?
All contain carbon
Monomers
Combine by:
Polymers
Polymerization
Building blocks
Extremely large
ones are called
Macromolecules
Include
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
LA How are ideas related?

11. Monomer Verses Polymer

12. Carbohydrates Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Used for energy
Questions:
Describe the structure of a carb?
How are carbs stored?
Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Used for energy
Break down into simple sugars
Extra sugar - joined into long chains called starches and are stored
SC.912.L.18.1 Describe the structure and function of the macromolecules.

13. Types of Carbohydrates
Questions:
How are mono-saccharides and disaccharides different?
Monosaccharide
Single sugar molecules
Ex: glucose and fructose
Polysaccharides
Many sugars bonded together
In animals: glycogen or starch
In plants: cellulose or starch
SC.912.L.18.1 Describe the structure and function of the macromolecules

14. Lipids Lipids - made of monomers called fatty acids
Questions:
Describe the structure and function of lipids
Lipids - made of monomers called fatty acids
Used for store energy and in waterproofing cells
Not soluble in water
Hard to get rid of
Include fats, oils, waxes, steroids
SC.912.L.18.1 Describe the structure and function of the macromolecules

15. Types of Lipids Saturated Unsaturated Polyunsaturated Questions:
How do the types of lipids differ?
Saturated
Made of single bonds
Are solid – like butter
Bad
Unsaturated
At least 1 double bond
Liquids – like vegetable oil
Polyunsaturated
Lots of double bonds
Liquids – like olive oil
Best for you
SC.912.L.18.1 Describe the structure and function of the macromolecules.

16. Nucleic Acids Made of the monomers called nucleotides
Questions:
Describe the structure and function of nucleic acids.
Made of the monomers called nucleotides
These are used to store and transmit hereditary information
Types:
RNA – made with the sugar ribose
Used to make proteins
DNA – made with the sugar deoxyribose
Controls all cell processes
SC.912.L.18.1 Describe the structure and function of the macromolecules.

17. Proteins Made of the monomers called amino acids
Questions:
Describe the structure and function of proteins?
Made of the monomers called amino acids
Functions of proteins vary, including:
Controlling reaction rates
Regulating the cell
Making bones and muscles
Fighting infections
SC.912.L.18.1 Describe the structure and function of the macromolecules.

18. Summary
How are monomers, polymers, polymerization, and macromolecules related?
What are the four macromolecules, what is each made of, and what are their functions?

19. Chemical Reactions
Questions:
What is a chemical reaction?
What are the parts of a reaction?
Why is activation energy needed?
Chemical reactions - processes that change one set of chemicals into another
By rearranging the atoms
Reactant
Reactant
Products +
Requires: Activation energy to start reaction
SC.910.E.7.1 How is matter and energy transferred through
biochemical cycles?

20. Enzymes
Questions:
What are enzymes?
How do enzymes speed up reactions?
Enzymes - proteins that act as a biological catalyst to speed up reactions
By lowering the activation energy
It gives a place reactants to meet so they don’t waste energy looking for each other
They do not react or get destroyed
SC.910.E.7.1 How is matter and energy transferred through biochemical cycles?
SC.912.L The role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation level. Factors that effect enzyme activity

21. Enymes

22. What Effects Enzymes Temperature pH Questions:
Explain how temper-ature and pH effect reaction rates
Temperature pH
SC.910.E.7.1 How is matter and energy transferred through biochemical cycles?
SC.912.L The role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation level.
Factors that effect enzyme activity

23. Summary What are chemical reactions?
What are the parts of a chemical reaction?
What is needed to tart a reaction?
Compare and contrast enzymes and catalysts.
How doe enzymes speed up reactions?
What are two factors that effect enzymes and why?