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Published byClare Cole Modified over 6 years ago
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Types of Speeches Informative Persuasive Special Occasion
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General Purposes To Inform To Persuade To Entertain
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Goals of Informative Speaking
Enhance Understanding Maintain Interest To be Remembered
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Types of Informative Speeches
Objects: Anything visible, tangible, stable in form Processes / Procedures: How to do Something / How something works People: Biography Events: Anything that happens or is happening Ideas / Concepts: Beliefs, Theories, Notions See Table on pp
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Strategies to Enhance Audience Understanding
Define Ideas Clearly Define By Example Operational Definitions
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Strategies to Enhance Audience Understanding
Use Principles and Techniques of Adult Learning (Andragogy) Give Information Listeners Can Use Immediately Actively Involve Listeners in the Learning Process Relate Content to Listeners’ Own Experiences Explain Relevancy to the Listeners’ Needs
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Strategies to Enhance Audience Understanding
Clarify Complex Processes Analogies (Comparisons) and Models Word Pictures (Form Mental Images) Vivid Descriptions (More Detailed Than a Definition – Answers Who, What, Where, Why and When) Use Effective Visual Reinforcement
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Strategies to Enhance Audience Interest
Establish a Motive for Listening Tell a Story Include: Conflict, Action, Suspense, Humor Present Information that Relates to Listeners
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Strategies to Enhance Audience Recall
Build in Redundancy Repeat Key Points Use signposting and internal previews & summaries Pace Your Information Flow Balance the content – Do not overwhelm the audience
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Strategies to Enhance Audience Recall
Reinforce Key Ideas Verbally Verbal Spotlights Reinforce Key Ideas Nonverbally Use gestures, vocal variety and movement to enhance content
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Evidence and Credibility
Persuasion Defined The Process of Changing or Reinforcing: Attitudes Beliefs Values Behaviors Evidence and Credibility are Key Factors
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Types of Persuasive Speeches
Speeches to Influence Thinking Speeches to Motivate Action Propositions / Questions of: Fact: True / False Value: Right/Wrong, Good/Bad Policy: Fact + Value + Solution (Need-Plan-Practicality)
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Persuasion vs. Manipulation
Persuasion involves convincing members of an audience to agree of their own free will Manipulation - involves shrewd or devious management of facts for the speaker's own purpose.
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Targets of Persuasion:
1. Affective – Change in attitude 2. Cognitive - change in belief - goal is a degree of certainty 3. Behavioral - performance of some action or the abstention from action - the goal is the most desired result 4. Behavioral Intent - an observational change with a promise for future action. The more you target, the more you persuade.
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Motivational Appeals Sanctions – Rewards or Punishment
Emotional Appeals Positive: hope, joy, pride, love Negative: fear, envy, disgust, contempt Fear Appeals Needs - Appeals to Human Motivations and Values Rationales – Logic and Reasoning
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How to Motivate Listeners
Use Positive Motivation Know that listeners value Appeal to those values Translate into benefits Use Negative Motivation (fear appeals) Direct at loved ones The threat must be perceived as being real Credibility of the speaker is important
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Special Occasion Speeches
Speeches of: Introduction Presentation Acceptance Commemorative Speeches (Tribute) After-Dinner Speeches
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Topic Selection
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Topic Selection Steps Choose Your Topic (Select and Narrow)
Determine Your General Purpose Determine Your Specific Purpose Phrase Your Central Idea (Thesis)
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Select and Narrow Your Topic
Guidelines For Selecting A Topic Consider the Audience Interests Experiences Knowledge Consider the Occasion Consider Yourself
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Focus on Audience and Occasion Appropriateness
Tips for Selection Focus on Audience and Occasion Appropriateness Consider: Your Knowledge and Experiences Your Expertise / Training What You Want to Know More About What Is Not Overdone What Is Timely/Timeless
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs
Self-Actualization Self-Esteem Social / Love Safety and Security Physiological / Survival
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Other Considerations Match Your Own Personality / Style
Universal Interest Appeal to Both Genders Not Overdone in the Media Have Solid Support and Structure
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Strategies for Topic Selection
Brainstorming Literature Search Listening Scanning Web Directories
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Sample Narrowing of a Topic
Cancer Skin Cancer Skin Cancer Treatments The Latest Development in The Treatment of Skin Cancer
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General Purposes To Inform To Persuade To Entertain
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The Specific Purpose and Central Idea
Specific Purpose: The precise goal the speaker wants to achieve The Central Idea (Thesis Statement): The key concept of the speech
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To inform my audience about the latest treatment for skin cancer.
Specific Purpose Use Precise Language Limit the Purpose to a Single Idea The Purpose Must Meet the Audience’s Needs To inform my audience about the latest treatment for skin cancer.
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Develop Your Central Idea/Thesis
A Complete Declarative Sentence (An Assertion/ Claim) There is an amazing new treatment available for individuals who have been diagnosed with skin cancer. Use Specific Language Keep to A Single Idea Be Audience-Centered (Appropriate)
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Central Idea Writing Specific Purpose:
To inform my audience about the latest development in the treatment of skin cancer. Central Idea: There is an amazing new treatment available for individuals who have been diagnosed with skin cancer. Preview Statement: To better understand this new treatment, we will look first at its development, second at how the treatment works to fight the cancer and finally at the plans to implement this treatment throughout the United States.
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Developing Main Points
Does the Central Idea Have Logical Divisions? Can You Establish Reasons the Central Idea Is True Can You Support the Central Idea With Specific Steps
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