1. Road to the Civil War

2. The Civil War ( )
a period of war between Northern + Southern states
Army of the Union (U.S.)- 23 states
Confederate States of America (C.S.A.)- 11 states
600,000 soldiers died
More than all the deaths of our other campaigns!
Over ½ die from disease than bullets

3. A Deeply Divided America
31,000,000 citizens
34 states (Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas)
3,000,000 slaves in South (½ of total pop.)
Blacks born & live in filth, disease, ignorance
Taylor, Fillmore, Pierce, Buchanan were Presidents between
Largely ineffective - inactions helped further the cause for war
Secession had been suggested many times as only way to deal with slavery
South felt slavery only way to preserve economy - didn’t know what to do w/o slaves
Slavery had been in America so long (1619) that it was called “a peculiar institution”

4. Missouri Compromise 1820
There were 11 free states and 11 slave states in 1819
Missouri was applying for statehood and wanted to be a slave state
U.S. decided to add a free state to keep the balance between slave and free states
Missouri would be admitted as a slave state
Maine would be admitted as a free state
To settle the issue of slavery in western territories, an imaginary line would extend westward
Slavery banned north of the 36o30’ line in the United States
All new states north of Missouri would be free states
All new states south of Missouri would be slave states
Missouri admitted as slave state; Maine admitted as free state

5. Compromise of 1850
In 1849, there were 15 slave states and 15 free states
California applied for statehood
Oregon, Utah and New Mexico were close to applying for statehood
ALL wanted to be free states
This would upset the balance
Southern slave states feared they would lose votes in the Senate
Came after the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo that ended the Mexican-American War .
1. California entered as a free state
2. Allowed the new territories gained from the Mexican Cession to choose if they want slavery or not.
3. Settled the dispute over Texas’ borders. Current borders!
4. Included the “Fugitive Slave Act” which required citizens to return escaped slaves.

7. Southern slaves states started talk about secession
Secede – to withdraw from the Union
Northerners believed slavery was evil but the break up of the U.S. would be worse
In the Compromise:
Settled the Texas/New Mexico western border
California would enter Union as a free state
Mexican Cession territories in West would decide issue of slavery by popular sovereignty
Fugitive Slave Act was created
Required all citizens to help catch runaways. Anyone who aided a fugitive could be fined or imprisoned.

8. Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 “Bleeding Kansas”
The Compromise of 1850 dealt with lands of the Mexican Cession
It did not resolve the issue of slavery for the Louisiana Purchase
People of Kansas and Nebraska would decide for themselves the issue of slavery by popular sovereignty (the will of the people)
Southerners supported the Act
They felt the Act supported states’ rights
Northerners opposed the Act
They felt the Act overturned the Missouri Compromise of 1820
State collapsed into civil war people killed – “…a territory of mobs and gangs, of lynchings, shootings at night, rigged elections, and literally murderous rivalries.”
Hundreds of proslavery men from Missouri came across the border and voted illegally to select a pro-slavery government
The new government quickly made slavery legal
Anti-slavery citizens refused to accept new government and elected their own
Kansas was in chaos with two rival governments
Armed gangs roamed the state looking for trouble
Debate spills over into violence in the nation’s capital

9. Dred Scott Decision - FACTS:
• Dred Scott was a slave from Missouri. (MO)
• Scott and his owner moved to Wisconsin for four years.
• Scott’s owner died after returning to Missouri.
Scott sued for his freedom. He claimed that he should be a free man since he lived in a free territory (WI) for four years.
Dred Scott was a slave who tried to win his freedom through the courts
After his Missouri owner died, Dred Scott was sold to John Emerson and taken to Illinois, a free state, and Wisconsin territory
He married Harriet Robinson and John Emerson married Irene Sandford
They all returned to Missouri and John Emerson died
Dred Scott filed suit against Irene Sandford claiming he was free since he had lived in Illinois
Dred Scott

10. SUPREME COURT DECISIONS:
Q: Was Scott a U.S. citizen with the right to sue?
A: NO
Q: Did living in a free territory make Scott a free man?
A: NO
Scott v. Sandford case went to the Supreme Court
Supreme Court ruled that since Dred was a slave, considered property and not a citizen, his case would not be heard
Q: Did Congress have the right to outlaw slavery in any territory?
A: NO

11. • Dred Scott was not given his freedom.
RESULTS:
• Dred Scott was not given his freedom.
• The Missouri Compromise was found to be unconstitutional.
• The Missouri Compromise was found to be unconstitutional. – Which branch can do that as part of their checks & balances of the legislature?
The decision also said U.S. could not outlaw slavery in the Western territories
This decision supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act and overturned the Missouri Compromise
Living on free soil did not make a person free
An enslaved person was property

12. Causes of the Civil War
Why Texas Got Involved

13. 1. Sectionalism
Sectionalism - loyalty to your state or section of the country first and the nation second :
Sectionalism - place interests of one’s own region ahead of the interests of the whole nation
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14. Texas grew the chief cash crop, cotton
Texas had an economy based on agriculture, a plantation lifestyle, the views of the Democratic party, and the institution of slavery.
Texas resembled the economy, social structure, customs, & political values of the South

15. Sectionalism Why was the south FOR sectionalism?
Why was the north AGAINST sectionalism?
North wanted to preserve the Union.
Why was the south FOR sectionalism?
South wanted the ability to choose what they thought was best for their state (slavery).

16. 2. States’ Rights
North was AGAINST states’ rights because they thought laws applied to ALL states.
Northerners did not support states’ rights. They believed the national government had final power.
The federal government had the power to make laws that applied to all states, including imposing taxes.
States’ Rights: theory that a state could choose whether to obey or enforce federal laws

17. Southerners supported states’ rights
Southerners supported states’ rights. They believed that they had the right to own slaves and even secede, or leave the Union, if they desired.
United States Law
Texas & seceding states believed Federal gov’t should not be involved in state decisions
Many people in the south felt that the federal government should not have the power to decide whether to allow slavery in the states.
-South claimed that each state should have the right to withdraw from the Union if the citizens voted to do so.

18. 3. Tariffs Tariffs: a tax placed on imported goods
We also support a higher tariff
Tariffs: a tax placed on imported goods
-NORTH was FOR tariffs because most industry was located in the north.
-most industry was in the north (more factories etc) – so higher taxes on goods coming INTO to north would
This would help industry in the North by making foreign imports more expensive
VS.
REPUBLICAN

19. Tariffs
-SOUTH was AGAINST tariffs because they were afraid the taxes would destroy their economy.
Texans – low tariffs to continue to trade cotton with European nations
Nullification Crisis – (1832) President Jackson & Congress passed the Tariff of Abominations
Congress raised tariffs on raw materials & manufactured goods
The South had to sell cotton at low prices to stay competitive, while they high prices for their manufactured goods
Resulted in the Nullification Crisis in which S. Carolina believed that states had the right to nullify a federal law it considered unconstitutional. S. Carolina threatened to secede but a compromise ended the threat. Issue continued to brew until 1861

20. 4. Slavery

21. Slavery - main cause of the Civil War
The South viewed slavery as a necessity to maintain their economy. Texans & South believed slavery was vital to the economy
However, many people in the North viewed slavery as evil and unconstitutional.
Both Northerners and Southerners fought fiercely over the moral and political issue of slavery.
If the U.S. had been founded without slavery, then the following causes of the Civil War may have never been issues.

22. 4. Slavery
Tariffs: Southern economy depended on slavery  high tariffs would hurt the southern economy
States’ Rights: Southern states wanted to be able to decide for themselves whether to have slavery or not
Sectionalism: Southern states put their interests ahead of the nation’s interest of staying unified

24. The Election of 1860
Lincoln’s election in 1860 angers South – slaveholders call him “The Black Republican” - S. Carolina secedes on Dec. 20, 1860
Lincoln elected president – 16th President
Lincoln wins 180 of 303 electoral votes
Won only 40% of popular vote
There were republicans and democrats in both north and south – northern democrats did NOT want slavery; southern democrats did… conflict even within political parties. – democrats were split – northern democrats chose one man to nominate for president; southern democrats chose another man.
 the split in the democratic party gave the Republican party a better chance to win the election.
A FOURTH group started (Constitutional Union Party) to keep the Union together – they nominated another candidate
HOWEVER, the south threatened to secede (withdraw from the union) if a republican won the presidential election.– YIKES.
When the time for voting came, the republican nominatee (Lincoln) wasn’t even on the Texas ballot (so he got ZERO votes in Texas)
HOWEVER: he received the most Northern votes and got enough to win the election.
RESULT? Secession!
Abraham Lincoln (a Republican) becomes the 16th president of the United States
REPUBLICAN

25. When Republican Abraham Lincoln won the Election of 1860, Southerners believed that their rights would no longer be respected.
Many southerners believed it was time to leave the Union.

26. Withdraw or break away from the Union
Secession Convention
Secede:
Withdraw or break away from the Union
Confederacy: 11 states
Union:
20 states
-After Lincoln’s election, within 6 weeks, 6 states had seceded from the Union and joined the Confederate States of America; by 1861, there were 11 states who had joined the Confederate States of America (20 still part of Union)
-Confederate literally means: “joined by an agreement”

27. TX officially seceded in 1861 – TX joins the Confederacy
At the Secession Convention, Texas’s lawmakers voted to secede by a vote of 166 to 8, and the people of Texas voted for secession by a margin of more than 3 to 1. Texans believed citizens should be allowed to own slaves
By 1861, ¾ of Texas citizens voted to secede from the Union and join confederacy (166:8)
-again, these issues alone (Issues 1-5) may not have causes secession, but all of them together causes major divisions.
-Sam Houston was AGAINST secession – he eventually was removed from his office as governor of Texas; refused to use force/troops that Lincoln offered him to keep Tx as part of the Union (“he had fought so hard for texas, he now would not fight against it); he later died in 1863

28. 1861: Secession Map

29. Sam Houston was Governor
Houston was against Texas’s secession.
After secession passed Houston hoped Texas would then remain independent, instead of joining the Confederacy.
Texas Secession Convention ordered all state officials take an oath of allegiance to Confederacy
Houston’s refusal to swear oath to Confederacy led him to be removed as governor
President Lincoln offered Houston the use of 2,700 federal troops to keep Texas in the Union.
Houston said no.
He stated that he had always fought for Texas and would not fight against it now.

30. Civil War Begins! Southern States Secede 1860 1861
Lincoln becomes President of USA
1860
1861
Civil War Begins!