1. Early Measurement History
Gateway To Technology
Unit 1– Lesson 1.3 – Measurement
Early Measurement History

2. What Do the Following Terms Mean?
Early Measurement History
Gateway To Technology
Unit 1– Lesson 1.3 – Measurement
What Do the Following Terms Mean?
The Cubit . . .
The Fathom . . .
The Hand/span . . .
The Pace . . .
The Foot . . .
The Girth . . .
The Palm . . .

3. Early Measurement History
Gateway To Technology
Unit 1– Lesson 1.3 – Measurement
The Cubit
The cubit was the measurement used by the Egyptians to build the pyramids.
The cubit is the measure from your elbow to the tip of your middle finger when your arm is extended.

4. Early Measurement History
The Fathom
Gateway To Technology
Unit 1– Lesson 1.3 – Measurement
The fathom was used by seamen to measure the depth of water so that boats would not run aground and be stranded.
The fathom is the measure from fingertip to fingertip when your arms are stretched sideways as far as they will go. You sometimes see a rope or fabric measured in this way.

5. Early Measurement History
Gateway To Technology
Unit 1– Lesson 1.3 – Measurement
The Hand-span
The hand-span was used to measure the height of horses. People still describe horses as being so many hands high.
The hand-span is the measure from the tip of your pinky to the tip of your thumb when your hand is stretched out.

6. Early Measurement History
Gateway To Technology
Unit 1– Lesson 1.3 – Measurement
The Pace
This term was used by the Roman army to judge speed. The term is still used frequently during various types of foot races.
The pace is the measure of distance from one step to another.

7. Early Measurement History
Gateway To Technology
Unit 1– Lesson 1.3 – Measurement
The Foot
A measurement equal to the length of an individuals foot.
King Henry 1 standardized this measurement, because his foot was 12 inches long.

8. Early Measurement History
Gateway To Technology
Unit 1– Lesson 1.3 – Measurement
The Girth
Girth was a measurement often used to measure fishing line.
The girth was the measurement around one’s stomach (your belt measure).

9. Early Measurement History
Gateway To Technology
Unit 1– Lesson 1.3 – Measurement
The Palm
The palm is the width of your four fingers when they are placed together.

10. Some folks found measuring in this fashion to be quite challenging.
Early Measurement History
Gateway To Technology
Unit 1– Lesson 1.3 – Measurement
Some folks found measuring in this fashion to be quite challenging.
So, two types of standard measuring systems were created.

11. Introduction to Standard and Metric Measurement
Gateway To Technology
Unit 1 – Lesson 1.3 – Dimensioning
Measurement Systems
Two types of measurement systems exist.
Standard (Customary)
Three countries have not officially adopted the International System of Units as their primary or sole system of measurement: Liberia, Myanmar, and the United States. The U. S. has switched to Metric with
Sporting Events - Olympics
Military
Medicine
Scientific studies
At this time, Manufacturing; Transportation; and Construction Industries; are primarily using the U.S. Customary system. In certain sectors, the conversion is obvious (i.e. – Automobiles). However, in these industry areas the changes have not been as complete.
This is the reasoning for studying both measurement systems used in the United States.
Metric (SI or International System)

12. Introduction to Standard and Metric Measurement
Gateway To Technology
Unit 1 – Lesson 1.3 – Dimensioning
Standard (Customary) System
Inches
Fractions
The Whole Inch 2
First Half Second Half
¼ ¾ 4
Notice that all denominators are even numbers. Therefore, if your numerator is also even, then your fraction can be reduced.
1/ / / /8 8
1/16 3/ / / / / / /16 16

13. Introduction to Standard and Metric Measurement
Steps in Using the
Standard (Customary) System
Introduction to Standard and Metric Measurement
Gateway To Technology
Unit 1 – Lesson 1.3 – Dimensioning
1. Find out how many parts the inches are divided into.
Count the spaces in 1 inch.
This number will be the denominator.
2. Count the number of whole inches.
Write down the number.
3. Count the number of spaces after the last whole inch.
This number will be the numerator.
4. Reduce fraction, if necessary.

14. Introduction to Standard and Metric Measurement
Gateway To Technology
Unit 1 – Lesson 1.3 – Dimensioning
Let’s Review 7 1
Find Numerator
Step 3
Count Whole Inches
Step 2 16
Step 1
Find Denominator
Reduce Fraction, If Necessary
Step 4

15. Introduction to Standard and Metric Measurement
Let’s Practice
Introduction to Standard and Metric Measurement
Gateway To Technology
Unit 1 – Lesson 1.3 – Dimensioning
What is the distance from the end of the ruler to A?
¼ in.
What is the distance from the end of the ruler to B?
15/16 in.
What is the distance from the end of the ruler to C?
1 ¾ in.
What is the distance from the end of the ruler to D?
2 3/8 in.
What is the distance from the end of the ruler to E?
3 1/16 in.

16. Metric System International System of Units (SI)
Introduction to Standard and Metric Measurement
Gateway To Technology
Unit 1 – Lesson 1.3 – Dimensioning
Metric System International System of Units (SI)
Millimeters and
Centimeters
Decimals
1 mm = 0.1 cm
5 mm = 0.5 cm
The metric system is much easier to use than the English system because it was based on a decimal system (powers of ten). Therefore, you don't have to remember all the different conversions (16 ounces in a pound, 12 inches in a foot, and so on). You only have to remember a short list of prefixes that represent powers of ten. Common units for length, width, distance, thickness, girth, etc. are:
Millimeter mm mm = 1 cm
Centimeter cm cm = 10 dm = 1 m
Decimeter dm dm = 1 m   
Kilometer km km = 1000 m
10 mm = 1 cm

17. Steps in Using the Metric (SI) System
Introduction to Standard and Metric Measurement
Steps in Using the Metric (SI) System
Gateway To Technology
Unit 1 – Lesson 1.3 – Dimensioning
Count the number of whole centimeters (cm).
These are the larger lines with numbers
2. Count the number of lines after the whole number.
The smaller lines are millimeters (mm).
3. Put in correct terms.
Since mm are 1/10th of a cm, if you measure 7 marks after 1 cm, the measure is 1.7 cm or 17 mm long.

18. Introduction to Standard and Metric Measurement
Let’s Practice
Introduction to Standard and Metric Measurement
Gateway To Technology
Unit 1 – Lesson 1.3 – Dimensioning
What is the distance from the end of the ruler to A?
4 mm = 0.4 cm
What is the distance from the end of the ruler to B?
19 mm = 1.9 cm
What is the distance from the end of the ruler to C?
37 mm = 3.7 cm
What is the distance from the end of the ruler to D?
63 mm = 6.3 cm
What is the distance from the end of the ruler to E?
73 mm = 7.3 cm

19. Converting from Standard to Metric
Introduction to Standard and Metric Measurement
Gateway To Technology
Unit 1 – Lesson 1.3 – Dimensioning
Converting from Standard to Metric
Convert from: To: Multiply by:
mile kilometer (km)
inch millimeter (mm) 25.4
inch centimeter (cm) 2.54
foot meter (m)
yard meter (m)

20. Introduction to Standard and Metric Measurement
Gateway To Technology
Unit 1 – Lesson 1.3 – Dimensioning
Converting from Metric to Standard
Convert from: To: Multiply by:
kilometer (km) mile
millimeter (mm) inch
centimeter (cm) inch
meter (m) foot
meter (m) yard