1. Civil Rights

2. CIVIL RIGHTS Segregation The separation of people based on skin color
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Supreme Court case that made segregation legal
Segregation continues heavily into the 1900’s

3. Landmark Court Case Plessy vs. Ferguson
Courts Ruled that “Separate but Equal” IS Constitutional
PROBLEM
Not equal facilities
Jim Crow Laws
Public Segregation

4. CIVIL RIGHTS During WWII: After WWII:
African-Americans can fight, but are separated into their own units
Tuskegee Airmen achievements begin to change this
FDR passes laws against Racism
After WWII:
Civil Rights movement begins
Led mostly by the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
Begin bringing cases to the Supreme Court regarding the constitutionality of segregation

5. Important People lead to integration
Jackie Robinson (1947)
1st Black American to play Major League Baseball

6. CIVIL RIGHTS Brown v. Board of Education May 1954
Thurgood Marshall represented the Brown family
Case involved a man claiming that it was unconstitutional for his daughter not to be allowed to go to an all white school 4 blocks from his house
Instead she had to go to a black school miles away
Supreme Court decided that it was unconstitutional to have segregation in schools

7. CIVIL RIGHTS Montgomery Bus Boycott (1954)
Began when Rosa Parks refused to move
‘White’ area of bus was full and more seats were needed – so they used the ‘colored’ area where she was sitting
She was then arrested and put in jail
The next day many Blacks formed the Montgomery Improvement Association in order to begin a boycott of the buses
Because minorities made up the majority of the bus’ customers
Elect Martin Luther King Jr. as their leader

8. CIVIL RIGHTS Boycott lasted 381 days
Bus companies went out of business
1956: Supreme Court outlawed bus segregation
Afterwards MLK continues his fight to end segregation/racism everywhere
For everyone – not just African-Americans
Called for non-violent resistance

9. CIVIL RIGHTS
Founds the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Purpose was to carry on non-violent crusades against the evils of 2nd class citizenship
Carried out boycotts, picketing, sit-ins, and marches
MLK thought that this is
the way the world should be…

10. “Sit In” Example of Civil Disobedience Peaceful
African Americans and white protestors would sit at the “whites only” lunch-counters, restaurants, and other public facilities

12. Example of a “Sit In”
Example of a ‘sit-in’

14. The Butler: Sit In
SIT IN

15. CIVIL RIGHTS Million Man March (1963)
250,000 people picket on the steps of the Capitol building for equality
MLK gives his ‘I have a dream…’ speech
Others began to believe that violence was the only way they would ever get equality
Turn to Malcolm X

16. Important Civil Rights LEADERS
Martin Luther King Jr.
Advocated for:
Nonviolence
Civil Disobedience
Strikes
Sit Ins
Equality
Assassinated (1968)
James Earl Ray
Sniper
Memphis

18. CIVIL RIGHTS Malcolm X Becomes popular in 1950’s & 60’s
Complete opposite of MLK
When JFK was killed he believed that it was overdue
Later assassinated in 1965
Did not protest for ‘all equality’
Only protested for the ‘advancement of the black man’
Used the violent ideas of the
Nation of Islam
Just after his
assassination

19. Malcolm X Beliefs Black people are the original people of the world
White people are "devils”
Blacks are superior to whites
The demise of the white race is imminent

20. Important Civil Rights LEADERS Continued…
Malcolm X
Militant Leader
Advocated “Black Power”
Assassinated (1965)
21 Gunshot wounds
Multiple Guns
Nation of Islam
Separate themselves from whites and form their own governing communities

21. CIVIL RIGHTS Other violent groups emerge: Black Panthers:
Formed in order to fight police brutality in different ghettos
Preached self-defense
Wore all black (hats, jackets, glasses)
Participated in illegal activities
Murdered some policemen
Carried out overdue legal activities
Form daycares, hospitals, shelters, soup kitchens, etc.

22. CIVIL RIGHTS Violence turns on the leaders:
JFK = assassinated 1963
Malcolm X = assassinated 1965
MLK = assassinated 1968
RFK (Bobby) = assassinated 1968
*Civil Rights Act of 1964*
Ended segregation in all areas of the US and banned discrimination for schools/housing
Violence begins to emerge in other areas as well >Vietnam

23. CIVIL RIGHTS Results of Brown v. Board
Thurgood
Marshall
CIVIL RIGHTS
Results of Brown v. Board
1. Many states appealed the decision
This means they don’t have to comply until the appeal process is finished
2. Those who do start de-segregation meet with severe reactions
White students: Some help the cause and some hurt the cause
Black Americans: Begin to protest for their rights
Student walk outs
Sit-ins
Open defiance of segregated areas

24. THURGOOD MARSHALL Thurgood Marshall
Legal Defense in Brown vs. Board of Education
Became 1st Black American Supreme Court Justice