1. States of Matter
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2. Solids, liquids, and gases are called states of matter.
The state of matter is a physical property.
Every solid, liquid, and gas around you is made up of moving particles that attract one another.
4, 5, 6

3. Solids Definition: matter with a definite shape, and a definite volume
Arrangement of particles: packed closely together, fixed location
Motion of particles: vibrate in place
Attraction of particles:  strong attractive forces
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4. Add liquid to your Index
Liquids
Definition: matter that has a definite volume, but no definite shape (takes the shape of the container, if no container spreads to form a puddle)
Arrangement of particles: close together, but able to move/slide past each other, allows liquid to flow freely (fluid)
Motion of particles: faster than a solid
Attraction of particles:  weaker attractive forces than solids
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5. Gases
Definition: matter with no definite shape or volume (spread out to fill container)
Arrangement of particles: far apart
Motion of particles: fast, move freely
Attraction of particles: little or no attraction between particles
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7. Types of Solids
Crystalline Solids – particles arranged in regular repeating patterns
Examples: Quartz, salt, sugar
Amorphous Solids – particles NOT arranged in a regular pattern
Examples: glass, plastics, butter

8. Right Now Copy down your homework
Solids, Liquids, Gases tape in HW Wednesday side
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HOLD labs and progress reports until further instructed
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9. Add viscosity and surface tension to your Index
Properties of Liquids
Viscosity – resistance of a liquid to flow
Depends on the size and shape of the particle and the strength of the attraction between them
Stronger attractive forces = higher viscosity (more resistance, slower)
Ex: honey has a high viscosity, water has a low viscosity
Surface tension – uneven forces acting on the particles on the surface of a liquid
Particles of a liquid are attracted to each other (cohesion). With no particles above them, the particles on the surface have a stronger attraction to the particles next to and below them
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10. Video About Surface Tension

11. Water molecules want to cling to each other
Water molecules want to cling to each other. At the surface, however, there are fewer water molecules to cling to since there is air above (thus, no water molecules). This results in a stronger bond between those molecules that actually do come in contact with one another, and a layer of strongly bonded water (see diagram). This surface layer (held together by surface tension) creates a considerable barrier between the atmosphere and the water. In fact, other than mercury, water has the greatest surface tension of any liquid. (Source: Lakes of Missouri)
For a molecule on the surface of the liquid, there will be a net inward force since there will be no attractive force acting from above. This inward net force causes the molecules on the surface to contract and to resist being stretched or broken. Thus the surface is under tension, which is probably where the name "surface tension" came from. (Source: Woodrow Wilson Foundation).
Due to the surface tension, small objects will "float" on the surface of a fluid, as long as the object cannot break through and separate the top layer of water molecules. When an object is on the surface of the fluid, the surface under tension will behave like an elastic membrane.

12. Examples of surface tension
Walking on water: Small insects such as the water strider can walk on water because their weight is not enough to penetrate the surface.
Floating a needle: A carefully placed small needle can be made to float on the surface of water even though it is several times as dense as water. If the surface is agitated to break up the surface tension, then needle will quickly sink.
Washing with cold water: The major reason for using hot water for washing is that its surface tension is lower and it is a better wetting agent. But if the detergent lowers the surface tension, the heating may be unnecessary.

13. Key Concept Check: Why are insects able to "walk on water"?
Because the mass of the insect is low and unable to break the bond/attraction between the particles at the surface of the water (surface tension)
Why is a rock unable to take advantage of surface tension?
Because it is more dense and too heavy so it does break the attraction/bond between the particles at the surface of the water (surface tension)

14. Add thermal energy to your Index
Changes in State of Matter
A change in state of matter is also physical change
In order to change the state of matter, the movement of the particles has to change.
In order to change the movement of particles, thermal energy must be either added or removed.
Thermal energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy in the particles that make up an object
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Answer #6 and #7
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15. Thermal Energy & States of Matter
What does thermal energy do to the particles of matter?
Adding Thermal Energy
The particles in a sample of matter speed up and spread further apart
Removing Thermal Energy
The particles in a sample slow down and come closer together
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Answer #6 and #7

17. Thermal Energy & States of Matter
Page 368
Answer #6 and #7

18. Thermal Energy & States of Matter
Page 368
Answer #6 and #7

19. Thermal Energy & States of Matter
Key Concept Check:
Gas – Thermal Energy = _________
Liquid – Thermal Energy = _________
Solid + Thermal Energy = _________
Liquid + Thermal Energy = _________
Page 368
Answer #6 and #7