1. CHEMISTRY RESOURCE 9C ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
M.ALI. SCIL,

2. Ions
Some times substances go through a reaction that breaks off a hydrogen or even a hydrogen and an Oxygen.
These extra Ions (Charged Particles) are what make up Acids and Bases.
H2O -> H+ + OH-

3. Ions
Because the Single Hydrogen no longer shares that electron is becomes positively charged.
He is now called a Hydrogen Ion.

4. Ions
The Oxygen and Hydrogen now have an extra electron and become negatively charged.
They are now called a Hydroxide Ion.

5. Acid Any substance that has extra Hydrogen Ions is an acid.
The more Hydrogen Ions the more acidic.

6. Basis
When a substance has extra hydroxide ions (OH- ) then it is a base.
The more hydroxide ions the more basic.
(Bases can also be called Alkaline)

7. pH Scale
The pH scale was created to better compare the relative concentration of Hydrogen ions.
pH stands for partial Hydrogen.
The scale ranges from 0 to 14 and each step is a multiple of 10. The scale is logarithmic.

9. pH
Example:
Urine generally has a pH of 6 where as water has a pH of 7.
This means that Urine has 10 times more Hydrogen Ions than water.

10. pH A pH of 7 is considered neutral.
This means that there as many Hydrogen ions as there are hydroxide ions.
They balance each other out.

11. Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
CHEMISTRY RESOURCE 9C
T E R M S
ACIDS are substances that form hydrogen ions (H+(aq)) when dissolved in water eg
BASES are hydroxides that react and neutralize.
In acid solutions there are more H+ ions than OH- ions.
In alkaline solution there are more OH- ions than H+ ions.
پير، 07 رمضان، 1439
Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
M.ALI. SCIL,

12. Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
Strong or Weak
- Acids or Bases that dissociate completely are Strong Acids/Bases.
Acids or Bases that dissociate only partially are Weak Acids/Bases
پير، 07 رمضان، 1439
Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS

13. Physical Properties of Acids & Bases
Acids taste sour (e.g. vinegar, lemon juice).
Acids are harmful to living cells.
Aqueous solutions of all acids contain hydrogen ions.
Acid turns blue litmus red.
Strong acids are corrosive.
BASES
Alkalis are taste bitter
Strong alkalis are corrosive.
Aqueous solutions of all alkalis contain hydroxide ion.
Alkalis turns red litmus blue.
Soapy touch.
پير، 07 رمضان، 1439
Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS

14. Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
Neutralization
H+1 + OH-1  HOH
Acid + Base  Water + Salt (double replacement)
Example:
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq)  HOH (l) + NaCl (aq)
H2SO4 (aq) + KOH (aq)  2 HOH (l) + K2SO4 (aq)
پير، 07 رمضان، 1439
Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS

15. Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
When H+ ion of an acid is replaced by a metal ion, a salt is produced e.g.
H2SO4+ 2NaOH====== Na2SO H2O
Here sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) is the salt formed. Salts are ionic compounds.
پير، 07 رمضان، 1439
Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS

16. Methods of making Soluble Salts
ACID + METAL  SALT + HYDROGEN
2) ACID + BASE  SALT + WATER
3) ACID + CARBONATE  SALT + WATER + CARBON DIOXIDE
پير، 07 رمضان، 1439
Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS

17. Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
Types of Salts
Normal Salts:
Normal salts are formed when all the replaceable hydrogen ions in the acid have been completely replaced by metallic ions.
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) H2O(l)
H2SO4(aq) ZnO(aq)  ZnSO4(aq) H2O(l)
پير، 07 رمضان، 1439
Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS

18. Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
Types of Salts
Acid salts:
Acid salts are formed when replaceable hydrogen ions in acids are only partially replaced by a metal.
H2SO4 + KOH  KHSO H2O
H3PO4 + NaOH  NaH2PO H2O
پير، 07 رمضان، 1439
Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS

19. Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
Types of Salts
Basic Salts:
Basic salts contain the hydroxide ion, OH-. They are formed when there is insufficient supply of acid for the complete neutralization of the base.
Zn(OH)2 + HCl  Zn(OH)Cl H2O
Mg(OH)2 + HNO3  Mg(OH)NO3 + H2O
پير، 07 رمضان، 1439
Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS

20. Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
USES OF SALTS
S.No.
SALT
USE 1
Ammonium Chloride
In torch batteries 2
Ammonium Nitrate
In fertilizers 3
Calcium Chloride
As drying agent 4
Iron Sulphate
In Iron tablets 5
Magnesium Sulphate
In medicine 6
Potassium Nitrate
In gunpowder etc. 7
Silver Bromide
In photography 8
Sodium Chloride
Making NaOH 9
Sodium Stearate
In making soap.
پير، 07 رمضان، 1439
Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS

21. Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
CHEMISTRY RESOURCE 9C
THE END
پير، 07 رمضان، 1439
Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
M.ALI. SCIL,