1. Athens & Sparta
THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR

2. Thucydides Athenian Historian & General 460-400 BC
ATHENS vs SPARTA – THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR
Thucydides
Athenian Historian & General BC
Wrote the “History of the Peloponnesian War”
“Father of Scientific History”
Thorough evidence-gathering
Not interested in the role of the “Gods”
Unbiased
He was there: Peloponnesian War 431–404 BC
Thucydides vs Herodotus
To hear this history rehearsed, for that there be inserted in it no fables, shall be perhaps not delightful. But he that desires to look into the truth of things done, and which (according to the condition of humanity) may be done again, or at least their like, shall find enough herein to make him think it profitable. And it is compiled rather for an everlasting possession than to be rehearsed for a prize. 
Herodotus wanted to tell a story/ entertain- Moral Lesson
Thucydides wanted to record accurate accounts to inform- Human Nature

4. ATHENS vs SPARTA – THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR
Upper class had all of the power, Helots (slaves) did the majority of the work
All citizens are equal, but women & slaves were not citizens
Education is focused on military strategies & war
Education is focused on physical & mental skills
Juries selected by pop., very large and decided verdict by secret ballot
Judicial system is run by the King
No real aspirations of expansion in Greece
Sought to expand & control other city-states of Greece
The war began as a result of Athens's want of expansion

5. Peloponnesian League (Sparta) Main Land City-States
ATHENS vs SPARTA – THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR
Peloponnesian League (Sparta)
Main Land City-States
Delian League (Athens)
Fight the Persians
Naval Power
Conflict between Megara & Corinth- 449 BC
Athens aided Megara
15-years of war
30 Year Peace Signed
Athens & Sparta

7. Athens started to expand and oppress allies & enemies
ATHENS vs SPARTA – THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR
Athens started to expand and oppress allies & enemies
Enemies: Sparta, Peloponnesian League, Macedonia, Persia, & Athenian Allies
Athens’s Navy allowed them to expand and control allies/ colonies
Athens’s leader Pericles knew the peace treaty wouldn’t last.

8. Pericles Athenian Leader- “First Citizen of Athens”
ATHENS vs SPARTA – THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR
Pericles
Athenian Leader- “First Citizen of Athens”
Turned Athens into an Empire- Lead the People
Athens could not match Sparta’s Army, routinely invaded Attica
Pericles had a wall built between Athens & Sea port
Sparta was unable to cut off access to the Sea- ineffective siege

9. Pericles Athens could behave like an Island
ATHENS vs SPARTA – THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR
Pericles
Athens could behave like an Island
Disease spread within walls, killed Athenians
Pericles died of the Plague in 429 BC

10. ATHENS vs SPARTA – THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR
Head to Head
Each side used their military strength to attack the other
Sparta used its large army to ravage Athens's surrounding country-side
Athens’s navy attacked the coast & transported small land forces quickly
Navy forced Sparta to keep part of army at home
never able to fight a decisive battle

11. Phase 1: Archidamian War Sparta invades Attica
ATHENS vs SPARTA – THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR
3 Phases of the War
Phase 1: Archidamian War
Sparta invades Attica
Athens raids coast & suffers plague
Truce after 10 years
Athenian Long Walls
Phase 2: The Peace of Nicias
Both sides lose leaders, forced to regroup
Minor skirmishes
Sparta’s inactivity lead to allies revolting (Argos)

12. Sicily, (Athens ally) under attack from Syracuse
ATHENS vs SPARTA – THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR
3 Phases of the War
Phase 3: Decelean War
Sicily, (Athens ally) under attack from Syracuse
Athens launches attack after attack- all unsuccessful
Athens’s land & naval forces annihilated
Sparta & allies don’t go for the kill
Athens recovers, Navy rebuilt
Many gifted Athenian Naval commanders executed after successful battle- ran away from storm
With support of Persia, Sparta defeats Athens at Sea

13. Without Navy, Athens cut off from allies/ supplies
ATHENS vs SPARTA – THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR
The End of Athens
Without Navy, Athens cut off from allies/ supplies
Siege now in full effect, Athens and allies surrender
Walls, Fleet, and overseas holdings stripped
Sparta allies want city destroyed, population enslaved
Sparta recalls Athens’s previous efforts when Greece was under attack- opts to include them in their system
Sparta install 30 Tyrants, Democracy suspended- overthrown by Athens after a year
Athens & Sparta are weakened by conflict, rivalry remains
Remain significant players until  Philip II of Macedon conquered all of Greece except Sparta