1. The Evolution and Classification of Plants
Plant Diversity
The Evolution and Classification of Plants

2. Warm-up: Answer for Each
Slide # 2
Warm-up: Answer for Each
True or False
All plants perform photosynthesis.
All plants need water and nutrients.
All plants reproduce using flowers.
All plants reproduce using seeds.

3. PLANT CHARACTERISTICS
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Multicellular eukaryotes
Photosynthetic autotrophs containing chloroplasts.
Non-motile (fixed to one spot)
Cell walls made of cellulose
Respond to environment and grow by using hormones

4. What Plants Need to Survive
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Sunlight
Gas exchange - System for taking in CO2 and releasing O2
Water
Minerals
All are needed so that plants can carry out photosynthesis!

5. Cladogram of Kingdom Plantae
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Cladogram of Kingdom Plantae
Green algae
Moss
Vascular tissue
Seeds
Flowers
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

6. Problems with Living on Land
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Problems with Living on Land
The ancestors of plants were multicellular green algae. They were completely immersed in water & dissolved minerals.
To move onto land, plants had to solve these problems:
How to get chemical resources (water, minerals, oxygen, and carbon dioxide) separated into air and soil
How to transport resources within the plant.
How to keep from drying out
How to reproduce without water

7. SOLUTIONS (ADAPTATIONS)
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SOLUTIONS (ADAPTATIONS)
Leaves (CO2) and roots (H2O)
Develop a vascular system to transport resources in plant
Have a protective layer – cuticle (waxy outer layer) to keep from drying out
Specialized structures for reproduction including spores & seeds that do not dry out

8. Vascular Tissue
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1. Vascular Tissue- hollow tube-like cells that transports materials throughout the plant
Xylem- transports H20 up from roots.
Phloem- transports food made in photosynthesis to where it is needed in the plant.
Xylem (water)
Phloem (food)

9. Bryophytes - NONVASCULAR
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Bryophytes - NONVASCULAR
Live in moist, shady areas
NO vascular (transport) system
Small size because no vascular tissue
No true roots, stems, or leaves
Need water for reproduction.
Reproduces using spores, -asexual cell that can grow into a new organism.
Examples: Moss, Liverworts, & Hornworts
moss
liverworts
hornworts

10. There are 11,000 species of ferns.
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Ferns - Seedless Vascular Plants
Have vascular tissue.
Have true roots, stems & leaves
They grow in moist, shady habitats.
Have underground stems, roots, & large leaves called fronds.
Reproduce using spores, NOT seeds.
There are 11,000 species of ferns.
Sori

11. Seed Plants ADVANTAGE: reproduction IS NOT dependent on water:
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ADVANTAGE: reproduction IS NOT dependent on water:
Seed contains
A fully developed embryo
Food supply for embryo
A water-proof seed coat to keep from drying out
Sperm transferred in water-proof pollen through pollination by wind or animals.
Developed seed-bearing structures: Cones & Flowers
embryo
endosperm
Seed coat

12. Gymnosperms- “naked seed”
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1. Cycad (Sago palm),
2. Ginkgo,
3. Conifer (pine, spruce, firs, cedars, sequoias, redwoods, junipers, yews, & cypress trees)
Sago Palm
Ginkgo
Ginkgo

13. Gymnosperms-Conifers
Sequoia
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Gymnosperms-Conifers
Most common gymnosperms are Conifers
Conifers have leaves called needles or scales have a reduced surface area and thick waxy coat on the needle to reduce water loss and prevents freezing.
Juniper
Pine

14. Slide # 14
Slide # 14
Conifer Reproduction
1. Male cones produce pollen and the female cone produces eggs and seeds.
2. Pollen is inefficiently transferred by the wind.
3. Once mature, the scales on the female cone dry out and open scattering the seeds by the wind.
Pollen
Seed Cone
Pollen Cone

15. Angiosperms- “enclosed seeds”
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Angiosperms- “enclosed seeds”
1. Flowering plants that encourage direct and efficient pollen transfer (smell, color and offering nectar)
2. Pollinators are flying insects, birds, and bats that transfer pollen from flower to flower.
3. Flowers contain ovaries, which is where eggs/seeds are produced.
4. A fruit is the pollinated ovary containing mature seeds.

16. Unusual Flowers Oak tree flowers Maple tree flowers
Mesquite tree flowers

17. Two Divisions of Angiosperms: Monocots and Dicots
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Two Divisions of Angiosperms: Monocots and Dicots