1. Chapter 1 Lecture Outline The Study of Life
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2. mushroom on northern forest floor male peacock displaying feathers
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monarch butterfly
feeding on nectar
Masai giraffes
giant sequoia
planet Earth
mushroom on northern forest floor
male peacock displaying feathers
humans in a city
(sequoia): © Robert Glusic/Getty RF; (mushroom): © IT Stock/Age Fotostock RF; (peacock): © Brand X Pictures/PunchStock RF; (humans): © Heath Korvola/UpperCut Images/Getty RF; (giraffes): © Dr. Sylvia S. Mader; (butterfly): © Creatas/PunchStock RF; (Earth): © Ingram Publishing/Alamy RF

3. 1.1 The Characteristics of Life
Life exists almost everywhere on the planet Earth.
Earth possesses a great variety of diverse life forms.
All living things have certain characteristics in common.

4. Living Things: Are organized Acquire materials and energy Reproduce
Respond to stimuli
Are homeostatic
Grow and develop
Have the capacity to adapt

5. Living things are organized in a hierarchy of levels.
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Living things are organized in a hierarchy of levels.
A cell is the smallest unit of life.
A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform a particular function.
Several tissues join together to form an organ.
Organs work together to form an organ system.
Organisms
tree
human
Organ Systems
organ system
Organs
leaf
brain
Tissues
leaf tissues
nerve tissue
plant cell
nerve cell
Cells
DNA molecule
Molecules
Atoms

6. Living things need an outside source of materials and energy to maintain their organization and carry on life’s other activities.
Energy – capacity to do work

7. Growth – increase is size or number of cells
Development – changes that take place from conception to death

8. 1.2 The Classification of Living Things
Living organisms are assigned to groups based upon their similarities.
Systematics is the discipline of identifying and classifying organisms.

9. Domains Domains are the largest classification category.
Biologists assign organisms to one of three domains based on biochemical and genetic evidence.
Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bounded nucleus.
Eukaryotes have a membrane-bounded nucleus.

10. Domain Archaea Archaea are unicellular prokaryotes.
Archaea can be found in environments that are too hostile for other life forms.

11. Domain Bacteria Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes.
Bacteria are found almost everywhere on the planet Earth.
Some bacteria cause disease but many are beneficial.

12. Domain Eukarya
The cells of all eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus.
Members of the Domain Eukarya are further categorized into one of four Kingdoms.
Kingdom Protista – may be several kingdoms
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia

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DOMAIN EUKARYA
Kingdom
Organization T
ype of Nutrition
Representative Organisms
Complex single cell,
some multicellular
Absorb,
photosynthesize,
or ingest food
Protozoans,
algae, water molds,
and slime molds
Protista
paramecium
euglenoid
slime mold
dinoflagellate
Some unicellular,
most multicellular
filamentous forms
with specialized
complex cells
Fungi
Absorb food
Molds, yeasts,
and mushrooms
black bread mold
yeast
mushroom
bracket fungus
Multicellular form
with specialized
complex cells
Mosses, ferns,
nonwoody and
woody flowering
plants
Plantae
Photosynthesize
food
nonwoody
flowering plant
moss
fern
pine tree
Multicellular form
with specialized
complex cells
Invertebrates,
fishes, reptiles,
amphibians, birds,
and mammals
Animalia
Ingest food
sea star
earthworm
finch
raccoon
c. Eukaryotes are divided into four kingdoms.

14. DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN BACTERI A DOMAIN EUKARYA
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DOMAIN ARCHAEA
DOMAIN BACTERI A
Methanosarcina mazei
Escherichia coli a.
Archaea are capable of living in extreme environments.
1.6 m
b. Bacteria are found nearly everywhere.
1.5 m
DOMAIN EUKARYA
Kingdom
Organization T
ype of Nutrition
Representative Organisms
Complex single cell,
some multicellular
Absorb,
photosynthesize,
or ingest food
Protozoans,
algae, water molds,
and slime molds
Protista
paramecium
euglenoid
slime mold
dinoflagellate
Some unicellular,
most multicellular
filamentous forms
with specialized
complex cells
Fungi
Absorb food
Molds, yeasts,
and mushrooms
black bread mold
yeast
mushroom
bracket fungus
Multicellular form
with specialized
complex cells
Mosses, ferns,
nonwoody and
woody flowering
plants
Plantae
Photosynthesize
food
nonwoody
flowering plant
moss
fern
pine tree
Multicellular form
with specialized
complex cells
Invertebrates,
fishes, reptiles,
amphibians, birds,
and mammals
Animalia
Ingest food
sea star
earthworm
finch
raccoon
c. Eukaryotes are divided into four kingdoms.
(bacteria): © A.B. Dowsett/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (archaean): © Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited

15. Categories of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Least inclusive
Most inclusive

16. Categories of Classification

17. Scientific Names
Taxonomy is the assignment of a binomial to each species.
Binomial (two name)
Genus name, species name
Genus capitalized, both words in italics
Examples:
Homo sapiens
Pisum sativum
Felis domesticus

18. 1.3 The Organization of the Biosphere
The zone of air, land, and water at the surface of the Earth where living organisms are found.
Population
All the members of a species within a particular area
Community
All the different populations in the same area

19. 1.3 The Organization of the Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community interact among themselves and with the physical environment (soil, atmosphere, etc.)
Characterized by
Chemical cycling – chemicals move from 1 species to another
Energy flow – energy flows from the sun, through plants, through the food chain

20. solar energy WASTE MATERIAL,DEATH, AND DECOMPOSITION
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heat
solar
energy
heat
heat
heat
heat
heat
WASTE MATERIAL,DEATH,
AND DECOMPOSITION
Chemical cycling
Energy flow

21. Climate largely determines where different ecosystems are found around the globe
The two most biologically diverse ecosystems—tropical rain forests and coral reefs—occur where solar energy is most abundant.

22. great barracuda attached algae white shark green moray yellowtail
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great
barracuda
attached
algae
white shark
green
moray
yellowtail
snapper
yellow
jack
foureye
butterfly fish
Spanish
hogfish
corals
bar jack
queen angelfish
sponges
parrotfish
sea
urchin
Bermuda
chub
spiny
lobster
surgeonfish
phytoplankton
zooplankton
yellowtail
damselfish
sea
star
detritus
sea grass

23. The Human Species
The human species tends to modify existing ecosystems for its own purposes.
Tropical rain forests and coral reefs are severely threatened as global human population increases.
Human begins depends on healthy ecosystems for food, medicine, and raw materials.

24. Biodiversity Ecompasses As many as 5-30 million species on Earth
Total number of species
The variability in their genes
The ecosystems in which they live
As many as 5-30 million species on Earth
Human activities cause the extinction of about 400 species per day.

25. 1.4 The Process of Science Biology is the scientific study of life.
Biologists—and all scientists—generally test hypotheses using the scientific method.

26. Input from various sources is used to formulate a testable statement.
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Observation
New observations
are made, and previous
data are studied.
Hypothesis
Input from various sources
is used to formulate a
testable statement.
Experiment/Observations
Conclusion
The hypothesis is
tested by experiment
or further observations.
The results are analyzed,
and the hypothesis is
supported or rejected.
Scientific Theory
Many experiments and
observations support a
theory.
Courtesy Leica Microsystems, Inc.

27. The Process of Science
Inductive reasoning occurs whenever a person uses creative thinking to combine isolated f
A scientist comes up with a hypothesis, a tentative explanation for the natural event. acts into a cohesive whole.
To determine how to test a hypothesis, a scientist uses deductive reasoning.
Involves “if, then” logic

28. Scientific theory
Concepts that join together well-supported and related hypotheses.
In science, a theory is supported by a broad range of observations, experiments, and data.
Examples – Cell , homeostasis, gene, ecosystem, and evolution
The theory of evolution is the unifying concept of biology.

29. A Controlled Study
Experiments in controlled studies have two types of groups:
Control Group – receives no treatment
Experimental Group – receives treatment

30. The Experiment
HYPOTHESIS: A pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation will cause winter wheat production to increase as well as or better than the use of nitrogen fertilizer.
PREDICTION: Wheat production (biomass) following the growth of pigeon peas will surpass wheat biomass following nitrogen fertilizer treatment.

31. no fertilization treatment 90 kg of nitrogen/ha
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Control pot
Test pot
Test pot
no fertilization treatment
90 kg of nitrogen/ha
Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation
a. Control pot and three types of test pots
Test pot
45 kg of nitrogen/ha
Courtesy Jim Bidlack

32. Control – no fertilization treatment
Tests
Winter wheat in soil treated with nitrogen fertilizer (45kg/ha)
Winter wheat in soil treated with nitrogen fertilizer (90kg/ha)
Pigeon pea plants tilled into soil and then winter wheat planted
All other conditions the same in all pots

33. Wheat Biomass (grams/pot)
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Control Pots
= no fertilization treatment
Test Pots 15
= 45 kg of nitrogen/ha
= 90 kg of nitrogen/ha
= Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation
Wheat Biomass (grams/pot) 10 5
year 1
year 2
year 3
b. Results

34. no fertilization treatment 90 kg of nitrogen/ha
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Control pot
Test pot
Test pot
no fertilization treatment
90 kg of nitrogen/ha
Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation 20
Control Pots
= no fertilization treatment 15
Test Pots
= 45 kg of nitrogen/ha
= 90 kg of nitrogen/ha
= Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation
Wheat Biomass (grams/pot) 10
a. Control pot and three types of test pots
Test pot
45 kg of nitrogen/ha 5
year 1
year 2
year 3
b. Results
Courtesy Jim Bidlack

35. The Experiment
Conclusion: The hypothesis was supported. At the end of two years, the yield of winter wheat following a pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation was better than for the other type pots.

36. 1.5 Science and Social Responsibility
Technology is the application of knowledge for a practical purpose.
Technology has both benefits and drawbacks.
Ethical and moral issues surrounding the use of technology must be decided by everyone.
Responsibility for how to use scientific technology must reside with people from all walks of life, not with scientists alone