1. Forestry Plant ID
State Forestry ID List 2004

2. BIGLEAF MAPLE acer macrophyllum
Leaf: Opposite, simple, deciduous, 6 to 12 inches in diameter, but sometimes larger; palmately lobed with 5 deep lobes, terminal lobe has a distinct waist; dark green above and lighter green below. Petiole exudes a milky sap.
Flower: Monoecious; small yellow flowers borne in long racemes; may be perfect of imperfect.
Fruit: Double samaras with wings 1 1/2 to 2 inches long, wings occur at acute angle, seed head hairy, seeds tan when ripe.
Twig: Stout, smooth, round, and pale green, turning bright green or red, then grayish brown; buds opposite, terminal bud large, stout, with 3 or 4 greenish red scales.
Bark: When young it is smooth and grayish brown, later becoming darker brown with interlacing ridges and furrows.
Form: A large tree, commonly 40 to 100 feet tall and 2 to 4 feet in diameter. In the open, it branches low to the ground and forms a rounded crown; in dense stands it grows taller and straighter. Commonly sprouts from the base and forms large basal burls.

3. Black Cottonwood Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa
Leaf: Alternate, simple, deciduous; variable in size and shape on same tree, commonly 3 to 6 inches long, but can be much larger; ovate-lanceolate to deltoid, dark green above and silvery white below with rusty smears of resin, margins wavy to crenate; petiole long, and most often round but may be flattened.
Flower: Dioecious; borne in long, drooping aments that appear before the leaves.
Fruit: Rounded, 3-valved capsules (1/4 to 1/2 inch in diameter) which open to release many cottony-tufted seeds; seeds are very tiny and black.
Twig: Moderately stout, greenish brown to olive-gray, often ribbed or angled in cross section when young, covered with distinct lenticles, spur shoots are common on older branches; buds are long (1/2 to 3/4 inch) and sharp-pointed, resinous and aromatic, covered with imbricate scales. Twig has a bitter aspirin taste.
Bark: When young it is smooth and yellowish tan to gray; later gray to gray-brown and broken into deep furrows and flattened ridges, up to 2 1/2 inches thick.
Form: The tallest broad-leaved tree in the West, growing to 200 feet tall and 6 feet in diameter. Has a broad, open crown

4. Hawthorn Rosaceae Crataegus
Leaf: Highly variable, but generally alternate, simple, 2 to 4 inches long, serrate and lobed (may be unlobed), subtending long thorns, dark green above and paler below.
Flower: Monoecious; perfect, usually small white flowers, with 5 petals produced in clusters near the end of the twig, appearing in mid to late spring.
Fruit: Small pomes, generally 1/4 inch in diameter, yellow to red when mature; maturing in the early fall.
Twig: Slender, gray in color, with true terminal buds that are usually dark, shiny red and round. Most species have obvious, stiff, 1 inch long thorns; leaf scars contain 3 bundle scars.
Bark: Smooth and gray-brown when young, later turning darker and scaly.
Form: Generally very dense shrubs or small trees up to 25 feet

5. Black Locust
Leaf: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 7 to 19 leaflets, 8 to 14 inches long. Leaflets are oval, one inch long, with entire margins. Leaves resemble sprigs of grapes; green above and paler below.
Flower: Monoecious; perfect, showy and fragrant, white, 1 inch long and pea-like, borne in long (5 inches) hanging clusters, appear in mid to late spring.
Fruit: Flattened legume, light brown, 2 to 4 inches long; containing 4 to 8 kidney-shaped, smooth, red-brown seeds, ripen in the fall.
Twig: Zigzag, somewhat stout and angular, red-brown in color, numerous lighter lenticels. Paired spines at each leaf scar (often absent on older or slow growing twigs); buds are submerged beneath the leaf scar.
Bark: Gray or light brown, thick and fibrous, heavily ridged and furrowed, resembles a woven rope.
Form: A medium sized tree to 70 feet, with a relatively straight trunk and a crown of crooked branches. Often forms thickets by root suckering

6. Bracken Fern Pteridium aquilinum

7. California Black Oak Quercus kelloggi
Leaf: Alternate, simple, deciduous; pinnately lobed (usually 7 lobes), each lobe is 3-toothed and bristle-tipped, sinuses may be shallow or deep; oblong or obovate in shape, 3 to 6 inches long; yellow-green, smooth and lustrous above and paler below.
Flower: Monoecious; inconspicuous, male and female flowers borne in separate aments (catkins), appearing with the leaves.
Fruit: Acorn, 1 to 2 1/2 inches long, reddish brown; cap is deep, covering about half the nut. Require 2 seasons to mature.
Twig: Reddish brown, ridged, smooth or minutely pubescent; terminal buds are large, pointed and clustered at the ends of the twigs.
Bark: Initially smooth and dark gray or black; when mature turning dark brown to black, broad, irregularly plated ridges, about 1 inch thick.
Form: A medium sized broad-leaved deciduous tree (40 to 80 feet tall and 1 to 2 1/2 feet in diameter) with an open, rounded top. At high elevations, it may occur as a large shrub.

8. California Hazel Corylus cornuta var. californica
Leaf: Alternate, simple, oval to broadly ovate, 2 to 4 inches long, doubly serrated margin, heart-shaped or rounded base; dark green and slightly fuzzy above above, paler below.
Flower: Monoecious; males are preformed, light brown-gray catkins (3/4 to 1 inch long) in clusters of two or three near branch tips; females are inconspicuous with only bright red stigma and styles protruding from the otherwise gray-brown buds, resemble short, thin, red threads; appearing or elongating (males) in early spring before the leaves.
Fruit: Edible brown nuts (1/2 inch diameter) enclosed in bristly, leafy husk with a long protruding tube-like "beak" (resembles a gourd), initially green, ripening to a brown in late summer.
Twig: Slender, zigzag, light brown and hairless; buds small with few scales, two-toned, light grayish brown with scales near base being darker brown.
Bark: Light grayish brown and smooth, later develops a mild criss-cross netted pattern
Form: Small suckering shrub, often in clumps reaching 6 feet in height.

9. Canyon Live Oak Quercus chrysolepis
Leaf: Alternate, simple, persistent; variable shape, oblong to elliptical, thick and leathery, small (1 to 3 1/2 inches long), margins may be entire or spinose (holly-like) on the same branch, initially fuzzy but becoming smooth and green above and smooth and bluish-white below.
Flower: Monoecious; inconspicuous; male flowers borne in aments (catkins); female flowers borne solitary or in short spikes, appearing with the leaves.
Fruit: An elongated acorn with a shallow, scaly cap, 1/2 to 1 1/2 inches long, requires 2 seasons to mature.
Twig: Slender, rigid or flexible, fuzzy when young but becoming smooth and reddish to grayish brown with age.
Bark: Thin (about 1 inch) and mostly smooth; may develop small, tight scales with age; gray-brown.
Form: Grows both as a tree (to 80 feet tall and 2 feet in diameter) and as a dense shrub up to 15 feet tall.

10. Cascara Buckthorn Rhomnus Purshiaono DC.
Leaf: Alternate, simple, deciduous, oblong to elliptical, 2 to 6 inches long, dark glossy green above and paler below, prominently penniveined, margins wavy or finely serrate.
Flower: Monoecious; with either perfect flowers or imperfect flowers on the same plant, inconspicuous, small and greenish-white in loose clusters.
Fruit: A small (1/4 to 1/2 inch diameter), round, black drupe with a yellowish inner pulp, not edible (has laxative properties).
Twig: Young twigs are slender and moderately stout, reddish brown and pubescent; older branches are smooth and reddish brown to gray; buds are naked (without scales) and covered with rusty tomentum.
Bark: Thin and grayish brown, often mottled with white patches of lichens; inner bark is yellow, tastes bitter, and has laxative properties.
Form: Can grow as a tree to 50 feet tall and 10 to 20 inches in diameter or as an erect shrub with multiple stems to 15 feet.

11. Redstem Ceanothus Ceanothus sanguineus
Leaf: Alternate, simple, deciduous, ovate, 1 to 3 1/2 inches long, thin, dark green and glabrous above and paler below, margins serrated, 3-veined from the base.
Flower: Monoecious; perfect and complete. Small white flowers borne in large, dense clusters up to 4 inches long.
Fruit: Small, 3-lobed, rounded capsule up to 3/16 inch in diameter, occur in clusters.
Twig: Slender, smooth, and purplish-red in color, buds often stalked.
Bark: Slender, smooth, and purplish-red in color.
Form: An erect, loosely branched shrub up to 10 feet tall with slender, red branches.

12. Dwarf Oregon Grape Mahonia nervosa
Leaf: Alternate, pinnately compound (oddly), alternate, persistent; 10 to 18 inches long, 11 to 21 broadly lanceolate leaflets each 2 to 3 inches long. Leaflets are dark, glossy green above and paler green below; thick, waxy cuticles and spined teeth along their margins; lateral leaflets are opposite and sessile, while the terminal leaflet has a petiole; leaflets lack a distinct midrib.
Flower: Monoecious; perfect, small bright yellow flowers are borne in long, upright racemes.
Fruit: Small (3/16 inch), dark blue berries, edible, but sour.
Twig: Unbranched; compound leaves emerge directly from main stem. Main stem is stout and brown; leaves are clustered at the terminal end. Lanceolate bud scales persist for several years.
Bark: Reddish brown, scaly and rough.
Form: A short, erect, unbranched evergreen shrub seldom over 3 feet fall.

13. Golden Chinkapin Castanopsis chrysophyilla
                            
Leaf: Alternate, simple, persistent, lanceolate to narrowly elliptical, 2 to 6 inches long, leathery, margins entire, smooth and green to yellow-green above, golden underneath with color coming from pubescence and scaliness.
Flower: Monoecious; both sexes borne in erect aments (catkins), male flowers are numerous, erect, elongated aments, dull yellow; odorous; female flowers are much smaller and are clustered at the base of the male flowers.
Fruit: One or 2 small triangular nuts enclosed in a sharp, spiny bur, both are light brown when mature, burs may be clustered
Twig: Slender and initially yellow but turning reddish brown with age; pith is yellow and star-shaped; terminal buds are clustered near the tip.
Bark: Initially smooth, grayish brown, and mottled with large, white areas, later becoming 1 to 2 inches thick, distinctly furrowed and ridged.
Form: Usually grows as a moderate to large broad-leaved evergreen tree (to 150 feet tall and 3 to 6 feet in diameter) with a dense, pyramidal or conical crown, but at higher elevations it may occur as a shrub.

14. Elderberry Sambucus caerulea
Leaf: Opposite, pinnately compound, 6 to 11 inches long, with 5 to 11 elliptical, serrate leaflets, acuminate tips, bottom leaflets are often 3-lobed, dark green above and much paler below.
Flower: Monoecious; small, white, borne in dense, flat-topped clusters, up to 8 inches across, appearing in summer.
Fruit: Small, berrylike drupe, purple-black, and very juicy, up to 1/4 inch in diameter, borne in flat-topped clusters, maturing in late summer.
Twig: Stout, silvery- to yellow-gray with obvious, warty lenticles, large white pith; buds are very small, red-brown and pointed, terminal buds are generally lacking.
Bark: Smooth and brown becoming shallowly furrowed and rough with age.
Form: A large shrub or small tree often with multiple stems that are spreading or arching reaching up to 12 feet tall. The trunk is usually short.
PLACE OF ORIGIN : Ireland & Europe.

15. Sitka Spruce Picea sitchensis
Leaf: Evergreen, four-sided needles, spirally arranged; 1 inch long with a very sharp tip, needles point perpendicular and forward on the twig; yellow-green above with white bloom below. Each needle borne on a raised, woody peg (sterigma).
Flower: Monoecious; male cones erect or pendent; female cones green to purple and borne near the top of the tree.
Fruit: Oblong cones, 1 1/2 to 3 1/2 inches long with thin, woody, spirally arranged scales that have very thin, notched edges and are tan when mature; cones ripen in one growing season and occur near the top of the tree.
Twig: Current year's twigs are moderately stout and yellow-brown to orange-brown. All twigs are covered with numerous distinct woody pegs (sterigmata).
Bark: On young trees, bark is thin and scaly, usually gray. On mature trees it's usually less than 1 inch thick; gray to brown and scaly.
Form: Sitka spruce is the largest of all spruces. It commonly is 125 to 180 feet tall and 3 to 5 feet in diameter, but can be much larger. Crown is open with somewhat pendulous branches; branches commonly reach the ground and dead branches are retained for a long time. Base of trees are commonly swollen and buttressed.

16. Engelman Spruce Picea engelmannii
Leaf: Evergreen, four-sided needles (1 inch long), which are sharp, flexible and bluish-green. Flower: Monoecious; male flowers cylindrical, purple and hanging in lower crown, females cylindrical, red and upright in the upper crown.
Fruit: Cone, 1 1/2 to 3 inches long, thin, flexible scales are somewhat wavy, light brown.
Twig: Brown, with fine hairs present. Bud scales tighter than some other spruces.
Bark: Thin, reddish-brown, sometimes with purple tint, becoming very scaly and loose.
Form: Medium to large tree (80 to 100 feet tall), straight trunk, narrow crown. At the highest elevations it will appear very windswept.

17. Evergreen Blackberry Rubus laciniatus
Leaf: Alternate, palmately compound (3 to 5 highly lacerated leaflets), persistent; leaflets deeply lacerated, green to greenish-red above and paler below, rachis and petiole armed with recurved prickles.
Flower: Monoecious; perfect, complete; about 1 inch across, white to pink, borne in clusters, appearing in early summer.
Fruit: Black aggregate of drupelets about 1 inch long; adheres to torus (central core) when removed from plant. Very edible.
Twig: Stout, heavily ribbed, purplish-red, armed with heavy recurved prickles.
Bark:
Form: An erect, spreading, or trailing evergreen shrub that gets very large and grows in dense, impenetrable thickets. Young stems are erect, but arch as they lengthen, eventually touching the ground and rooting at the nodes.

18. Evergreen Huckleberry Vaccinium ovatum
Leaf: Alternate, simple, persistent, ovate, small (1/2 to 1 1/2 inch long), thick and leathery, margins finely serrate, dark green and waxy above and paler below, distinctly 2-ranked.
Flower: Monoecious; perfect, small (1/4 inch long), pink, bell-shaped, borne in small clusters, appearing in late spring to early summer.
Fruit: Small (1/4 inch diameter), bluish black berry, edible.
Twig: Slender, reddish brown; at first pubescent, but becoming smooth; young twigs often ridged; buds have bright red imbricate scales.
Bark: Thin, smooth, and reddish brown.
Form: An upright, evergreen, broad-leaved shrub up to 10 feet tall.

19. Giant Sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum
Leaf: Bluish-green; may be scale-like and appressed, or awl-like and spreading, depending on crown position.
Flower: Monoecious; males egg-shaped and very numerous in spring; females egg-shaped, yellowish.
Fruit: Oval, woody cone, 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 inches long, brown.
Twig: Tightly covered in awl-like or scale-like leaves, later turning reddish brown with scaly bark as the leaves fall off.
Bark: Very thick (1 to 2 feet) on large trees, deeply furrowed with large rounded ridges, fibrous.
Form: A massive tree with thick heavy limbs, 250 to 300 feet tall, 10 to 15 feet in diameter.

20. Himalaya Blackberry Rubus discolor
Leaf: Alternate, palmately compound (usually 5 leaflets), persistent (often barely); leaflets oval, 1 1/2 to 3 inches long, dark green above with a heavy white bloom below, margins serrate. Rachis and petiole armed with heavy, recurved prickles.
Flower: Monoecious; perfect, complete, large (about 1 inch in diameter), white to pinkish, and borne in clusters of 5 to 20.
Fruit: Black aggregate of drupelets about 1 inch long; adheres to torus (central core) when removed from plant. Very edible.
Twig: Stout, heavily ribbed; purplish-red, armed with heavy, red, recurved prickles.
Bark:
Form: An erect, spreading, or trailing evergreen shrub that gets very large and grows in dense, impenetrable thickets. Young stems are erect, but arch as they lengthen, eventually touching the ground and rooting at the nodes.

21. Incense Cedar Calocedrus decurrens
Leaf: Persistent, scale-like, and arranged in decussate pairs, yellow-green and without bloom. Individuals leaves are typically 1/4 to 1/2 inch long, sets of four are several times longer than wide. Overlapping facial scales form a wine goblet shape. Foliage arranged in flattened, elongated, rumpled sprays, dead leaves fall in sprays.
Flower: Monoecious; male cones small and yellow; female cones small and yellowish-green; pollen is shed in mid-winter.
Fruit: Cones are about 1 inch long and appear to have 3 semi-woody scales (actually 6), yellowish brown when mature, resemble a duck's bill when closed and a flying goose when open.
Twig: Moderately stout; flattened when young, but eventually become round; reddish brown to grayish brown.
Bark: Purplish red, thin and scaly when young, increasing to several inches thick and developing rich reddish brown color with age; mature bark is furrowed with long, interlacing ridges formed by layers of bark that resemble stacked dinner plates.
Form: Moderate sized evergreen trees commonly reaching 70 to 100 feet tall and 3 to 5 feet in diameter.

22. Jeffery pine Pinus jeffreyi
Leaf: Evergreen needles, 5 to 11 inches long, fascicles of 3 (occasionally 2), dark blue-green without bloom, often twisted, persist 5 to 8 years, bundle sheath is persistent.
Flower: Monoecious; very similar to ponderosa pine; male cones are long (up to 2 inches), cylindrical, red, and borne terminally; female cones are nearly round, red, and borne terminally.
Fruit: Large woody cone, 5 to 9 inches long; broadly egg-shaped and reddish brown when mature; imbricate scales end in a dorsal umbo with a distinctly recurved prickle.
Twig: Current year twigs are covered with a purplish white bloom that disappears with time; cut twigs have a sweet fruity odor.
Bark: Young bark is thin and scaly, brown to black in color. Mature bark is thick with broad, flat, scaly plates, orange-red to cinnamon-red in color, pineapple odor when cut. Bark is similar to ponderosa pine but often a bit redder.
Form: A large evergreen conifer growing 80 to 140 feet tall and 3 to 4 feet in diameter.

23. Knobcone Pine Pinus attenuata
Leaf: Evergreen needles, commonly 4 to 5 inches (but may be 3 to 7), borne in bundles of 3; yellow-green, slender, stiff, and sometimes twisted; persist for 4 to 5 years.
Flower: Monoecious; male cones are brownish purple in tight clusters; females small, reddish purple.
Fruit: Large woody cones (4 to 6 inches long); egg-shaped to conical but with a distinctly asymmetrical base, large swollen knobs on one side of the base; often grow in dense clusters of 3 to 6 and remain on the tree unopened until a fire occurs; sometimes completely overgrown by the branches and trunk; mature by late summer of their second year.
Twig: Moderately stout, reddish brown and often resinous.
Bark: Young bark is thin, flaky, and is gray-brown with an orange or red tinge; older bark is furrowed with flattened ridges and somewhat scaly; gray-red-brown.
Form: A small conifer (most often less than 50 feet tall and 12 inches in diameter); often with poor form and multiple, twisted tops.

24. Lodgepole Pine Pinus contorta
Leaf: Evergreen needles, 1 1/2 to 3 inches long in fascicles of two, twisted, fascicle sheath present; yellow-green to green.
Flower: Monoecious; males are yellow, cylindrical and clustered at branch tips; females reddish purple at branch tips in the upper crown.
Fruit: Woody cone, 1 to 2 inches long, often asymmetrical and becoming lumpy near the base, apophysis armed with a short spine; light brown to brown; may remain closed for several years.
Twig: Orange-brown, turning darker with age, needles are persistent for several years; buds are narrowly ovoid, reddish brown and resinous.
Bark: Thin, typically grayish brown but can be very dark with many small close scales.
Form: Tall, slender trees with a narrow loose crown reaching up to 80 feet tall; some varieties which grow along the Pacific Coast are very short and scrubby.

25. Manzanita Arctostaphylos
Leaf: Simple, alternate, and persistent; 1 to 2 inches long, leathery, and generally elliptical in shape; entire margins; dull green or blue-green in color but hairy on both surfaces. Petiole short and hairy.
Flower: Monoecious; perfect, and urn-shaped, pinkish-white and borne in small terminal clusters.
Fruit: Small, 1/4 to 1/2 inch in diameter; smooth, red, berry-like drupe that resembles a tiny apple.
Twig: Young twigs are gray and hairy, becoming smooth and dark reddish brown with age.
Bark: Smooth and brown on young stems but dark reddish brown and exfoliating on older stems.
Form: A large, bushy evergreen shrub or small tree with stiff, gnarly branches, seldom exceeds 12 feet tall and 5 inches in diameter.

26. Mountain Hemlock Tsuga mertansiana
Leaf: Evergreen, flattened, single needles, spirally arranged (never 2-ranked); short (1/2 to 3/4 inch long) and thickened in cross section, uniform in color on all sides ranging from dark green to blue-green, rounded apexes, short but distinct petioles. Lateral branches are often very short, giving the appearance of star-shaped clusters of foliage.
Flower: Monoecious; male cones are tiny, yellow, and occur axillary on previous year's growth; female cones are tiny, purple, and terminal.
Fruit: Small woody cylindrical cones (1 to 3 inches long) with numerous thin, imbricate scales; pendent, sessile, and terminal; reddish brown; mature in one season.
Twig: Slender to moderately stout, and minutely pubescent, roughened by diagonally-raised and rounded leaf scars; main branches contain numerous short lateral branches.
Bark: Young bark is thin, superficially scaly, and brown to black; on mature trees, bark is thin (1 to 2 inches) with narrow rounded ridges, reddish brown in color.
Form: A small, high elevation, evergreen conifer that grows 60 to 100 feet tall and 2 to 3 feet in diameter. Mature trees have a pyramidal crown with dense, tight foliage.

27. Mountain Mahogany Cercocarpus Leaifolius
Leaf: Alternate, simple, and persistent, but commonly clustered at the end of spur shoots; small (1/2 to 2 inches long), obovate, and conspicuously penniveined. Dark green or yellow-green above and paler below, generally smooth, margins serrated about the midpoint and entire below.
Flower: Small, inconspicuous, trumpet-shaped, white to yellow, perfect.
Fruit: Small, slender achene with a long, feathery tail (up to 3 inches).
Twig: Slender, reddish brown and smooth, turning gray with age; many slender spur shoots.
Bark: Grayish brown and generally smooth.
Form: An erect evergreen shrub up to 15 feet tall or a small tree reaching 40 feet.

28. Pacific Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus
Leaf: Alternate, simple, deciduous, maple-like, palmately lobed (3 to 5 pointed lobes); almost circular in outline, 1 1/2 to 3 1/2 inches in diameter; dark green above and paler below, somewhat pubescent.
Flower: Monoecious; perfect, small (1/2 inch) white flowers borne in dense, upright, hemispherical clusters, appearing in late spring to early summer.
Fruit: Small (1/4 inch long) brown follicles borne in dense, upright hemispherical clusters.
Twig: Slender and orange-brown; young twigs have tight bark but on older twigs the bark splits and exfoliates in long strips.
Bark: Thin and yellow- or orange-brown; shredded and exfoliating in long strips, especially on older stems.
Form: A large erect shrub to 12 feet tall.

29. NOBLE FIR Abies procera
Leaf: Flattened needles, about 1 inch long, linear, and 4-angled in cross-section with a groove on top along the midrib; bluish white bloom on all surfaces; base curves, making the needle resemble a hockey stick; tips mostly rounded but may be pointed on cone bearing branches; spirally arranged but usually upswept.
Flower: Monoecious; male cones reddish and borne beneath the leaves; female cones erect, covered by long, pointed bracts, and borne near the top of the crown.
Fruit: Cones are 4 to 6 inches long, cylindrical, and borne upright on the twig; cone scales are deciduous, falling from the cone as seeds ripen; olive-brown when mature; bracts are longer than scales and turn down, almost covering the entire scale (as opposed to California red fir).
Twig: Moderately stout, reddish brown, and covered with round, flat leaf scars when needles fall; buds small, rounded, brown and mostly non-resinous, often surrounded by needles; terminal buds usually occur in clusters of three or more.
Bark: Initially gray-green and blistered, later becoming purplish gray to reddish brown with narrow ridges that are broken into rectangular blocks, somewhat scaly.
Form: Noble fir is a large evergreen 140 to 200 feet tall and 3 to 5 feet in diameter with a crown that is conical in young trees, but rounded when mature.
                

30. OCEAN SPRAY Holodiscus discolor
Leaf: Alternate, simple, deciduous; 3/4 to 2 1/2 inches long, ovate, and either coarsely toothed or lobed and serrate; entire near the base, prominently penniveined, green above and paler below.
Flower: Monoecious; perfect, very small creamy white flowers borne in very large, loose, hanging clusters, appearing in mid-summer.
Fruit: Tiny, light brown, 1-seeded follicles borne in large clusters; fruit clusters persist through the winter and into the next growing season.
Twig: Slender; slightly ridged when young but becoming round with time; pith is large, white, and spongy. Basal spouts are very straight and were historically used for arrow shafts.
Bark: Smooth and gray-brown.
Form: An erect, loosely branched shrub growing to 15 feet tall. Typically has multiple, straight stems arising from the base.

31. Oregon Ash Fraxinus latifolia
Leaf: Opposite, pinnately compound, deciduous, 5 to 14 inches long, 5 to 9 leaflets; leaflets are broadly ovate, obovate, or elliptical, densely pubescent at first but smoothing with age, margins are entire to irregularly serrate, leaflets 2 to 4 inches long, green above and paler below.
Flower: Dioecious; small, greenish-white, inconspicuous flowers borne in dense clusters.
Fruit: Dry, flat samaras with terminal wings, 1 to 2 inches long, samaras are attached singly but hang in dense clusters.
Twig: Stout, round but flattened at each node, olive-gray and pubescent when young, but turning gray-brown and smooth with age; large crescent-shaped leaf scars are opposite.
Bark: Thin, smooth, and gray-green when young but eventually becoming up to 1 1/2 inches thick and furrowed with thin, flat ridges, gray-brown.
Form: A medium sized tree commonly 40 to 80 feet tall and 1 to 3 feet in diameter, crown may be narrow or spreading.

32. Oregon Crab Apple Malus Fusca
Leaf: Simple, alternate, deciduous, shape is variable with some leaves irregularly lobed (1-3 lobes) and others unlobed, margins are always irregularly serrated; shape is generally ovate to elliptical, base wedge-shaped to round, apex is pointed, 2 to 4 inches long with a stout long petiole, dark green to yellow-green above and paler and somewhat pubescent below.
Flower: Monoecious; perfect flowers are white to pink with 5 showy petals, inferior ovary, numerous stamens, borne in clusters in late-spring.
Fruit: Small egg-shaped pomes about 1/2 inch in diameter, yellow-green to red, edible but very tart; grow in dense clusters on the branches.
Twig: Moderately slender, initially gray pubescent but becoming smooth and reddish brown, older branches gray-brown and contain abundant spur shoots.
Bark: Older bark is grey-brown, finely fissured and scaly.
Form: A large deciduous shrub or small tree that can grow up to 40 feet in height, commonly grows in thickets.

33. Oregon Myrtle Umbellularia californica
Leaf: Alternate, simple, persistent, elliptical to lanceolate, 3 to 5 inches long, very aromatic when crushed, dark green and shiny above and paler and smooth below, margins entire. When crushed they may irritate the eyes and nose.
Flower: Monoecious; perfect, inconspicuous, small and yellowish.
Fruit: A bluish black, olive-like drupe about 3/4 inch in diameter, attached to the tree with a yellow stalk that resembles a golfer's tee.
Twig: Round, slender, smooth, and initially light green, turning gray-brown with age.
Bark: Young bark is thin, smooth, and gray-brown; mature bark becomes thin, reddish brown, and somewhat scaly.
Form: A large, broad-leaved evergreen tree reaching 100 feet tall and 2 to 5 feet in diameter, often has multiple stems arising from basal sprouts. Has a dome-shaped crown in the open.

34. Oregon Oak Quercus garryana
Leaf: Alternate, simple, deciduous, pinnately lobed with 5 to 9 irregular rounded lobes, lobes often touch or overlap, 3 to 6 inches long and 2 to 4 1/2 inches wide, dark green and shiny above and paler below, leathery but not persistent.
Flower: Monoecious; inconspicuous, male and female flowers borne in separate aments (catkins) on current year's twigs, male flowers borne in hanging catkins, female flowers borne in small clusters, appearing with the leaves.
Fruit: Solitary or paired acorns on current year's growth; about 1 inch long, light brown, cap is shallow and bowl-like, covering only about 1/3 of the nut, mature in a single season.
Twig: Stout, originally hairy but becoming smooth and reddish brown to gray; buds are densely hairy and are covered with imbricate scales, terminal buds are clustered.
Bark: Mature bark is thin (less than 1 inch), light gray to gray-brown, shallow irregular furrows separating short, broad ridges.
Form: A deciduous broad-leaved tree growing 40 to 80 feet tall and 2 to 3 feet in diameter (sometimes larger). In the open, it has a dense, rounded crown; when grown in stands, its crown is narrow, irregular, and concentrated where sunlight is present.

35. Pacific Dogwood Cornus nuttallii
Leaf: Opposite, simple, deciduous, ovate to obovate or elliptical, 3 to 5 inches long, entire to wavy margins, green above and paler green below, distinctively arcuate veins, turn brilliant red in autumn. Often occur at the ends of branchlets, appearing to be whorled.
Flower: Monoecious; perfect; flowers are actually very tiny and borne in a dense, rounded head; they are greenish-white and lack petals. The head, however, is surrounded by 4 or 6 large, showy, bright white to creamy white bracts (commonly called petals).
Fruit: Flattened, red berry-like drupes borne in a tight cluster.
Twig: Young twigs are slender, green, and minutely pubescent; older twigs become dark reddish purple and smooth; leaf buds small and pointed; flower buds considerably larger.
Bark: Thin and gray, smooth when young but breaking into rectangular scales and blocks with age.
Form: Small trees, occasionally reaching 60 feet but usually much smaller (20 to 30 feet). Rounded crowns in the open but irregular crowns in the understory. Branches spread horizontally and dip between nodes, making pleasing series of arcs in the branches.

36. Pacific Madrone Arbutus menziesii
Leaf: Simple, alternate, persistent, oblong to oval, 3 to 5 inches long and 2 to 3 inches wide, leathery; dark green above and silvery green below, smooth on both surfaces. Margins may be entire or finely serrated. Leaves persist only 13 or 14 months, just barely keeping the tree evergreen.
Flower: Monoecious; perfect; urn-shaped; white. Small (1/4 inch) but borne in large clusters up to 6 inches long.
Fruit: Small (1/4 inch), round, orange-red, berry-like drupes (multiple small, hard seeds) with pebbly skins (like oranges).
Twig: Stout, initially light green and smooth but turning orange-brown or red-brown with time, buds small, rounded, and nondescript with imbricate scales.
Bark: Very distinctive; when young it is thin, red-brown or orange-brown, breaking into scales or short strips; mature bark is thin, multi-colored (green, red, orange, brown), and exfoliates in patches and strips.
Form: Broad-leaved evergreen tree to 100 feet tall and 2 to 6 feet in diameter, sprouts from the base when the main stem is damaged and commonly has multiple stems.

37. Pacific Silver Fir Abies amabilis
Leaf: Flattened needles, about 1 inch long, dark green above (no bloom) and silvery-white below (2 bands of bloom), apex usually notched (but may be pointed near the top of the crown), spirally arranged but clustered on upper side of twig; topmost needles point upward and forward, like a ski jumper.
Flower: Monoecious; male cones reddish and borne beneath the needles; female cones purple and borne upright near the top of the crown.
Fruit: Cone, 3 to 6 inches long, barrel-shaped, and borne upright on the twig; cone scales are deciduous, falling from the cone as seeds ripen; purple to purplish brown when mature.
Twig: Stiff, yellowish brown, and covered with round, flat leaf scars when needles fall. Buds are large, rounded, and covered with purple pitch; terminal buds usually occur in clusters of three or more.
Bark: Young bark is thin, grayish green, and covered with resin blisters; older bark remains relatively thin, but turns gray and scaly; often furrowed near the base.
Form: Moderate to large evergreen, commonly 150 to 180 feet tall and 3 to 5 feet in diameter. Long conical crown of dense foliage.

38. Pacific Yew Taxus brevifolia
Leaf: Evergreen needles, single, spirally arranged (although they appear 2-ranked), 1 inch long, yellow-green to dark green above and paler below (but without bloom); apex pointed but not sharp; each needle has a distinct petiole that parallels the twig for a short distance.
Flower: Dioecious; male flowers are small, round, and yellow and are borne on the undersides of the leaves; female flowers are solitary.
Fruit: A round, fleshy, orange-red aril about 1/4 inch long containing one hard seed, exposed at the end.
Twig: Round, slender, and remaining green for many years; relatively few lateral branches.
Bark: Always thin (about 1/4 inch), reddish brown, and scaly; inner bark is reddish purple.
Form: Small evergreen understory tree with indistinct growth form. Can reach 50 feet tall and 2 feet in diameter, but usually much smaller. Trunks are usually fluted and asymmetrical. Very slow growing but can reach a very old age.

39. Ponderosa Pine Pinus ponderosa
Leaf: Evergreen, 5 to 10 inches long, with three (sometimes 2) tough, yellow-green needles per fascicle. When crushed, needles have a turpentine odor sometimes reminiscent of citrus.
Flower: Monoecious; males yellow-red, cylindrical, in clusters near ends of branches; females reddish at branch tips.
Fruit: Cones are ovoid, 3 to 6 inches long, sessile, red-brown in color, armed with a slender prickle, maturing late summer.
Twig: Stout, orange in color, turning black. Buds often covered with resin.
Bark: Very dark (nearly black) on young trees, developing cinnamon colored plates and deep furrows.
Form: A large tree with an irregular crown, eventually developing a flat top or short conical crown. Ponderosa pine self-prunes well and develops a clear bole.

40. Port-Orford-cedar Chamaecyparis lawsoniana
Leaf: Persistent, scale-like, and arranged in decussate pairs, blue-green with obvious white "X's" on the underside. Individuals leaves are typically 1/16 to 1/8 inch long and sets of four are about as long as they are wide; arranged in flattened, well organized sprays; dead leaves fall in sprays.
Flower: Monoecious; male cones small and yellow to red, borne terminally; female cones small, round and bluish-green.
Fruit: Cones are small (about 1/4 inch diameter) and round with deeply wrinkled peltate scales; blue-green when young and brown when mature.
Twig: Distinctly flattened when young, but eventually round, reddish brown bark.
Bark: Brown, weathers to a gray-brown; mature bark is fibrous, ridged, and deeply furrowed; may reach 4 to 8 inches thick near the base.
Form: Large, uniform, evergreen trees that commonly reach 125 to 200 feet tall and 3 to 6 feet in diameter; beautiful pyramidal form with frond-like branches.

41. Quaking Aspen Populus tremuloides
Leaf: Alternate, simple, 1 to 3 inches long, green above and paler below, heart-shaped to nearly round with a fine toothed margin, petiole is flattened.
Flower: Dioecious; male and female hanging catkins 1 to 3 inches long.
Fruit: Catkin (2 to 4 inches long), with attached light green capsules which contain many small hairy seeds.
Twig: Slender, glabrous, reddish brown often with a gray, waxy film; buds conical, reddish brown, terminal bud 1/4 inch long, may be slightly resinous.
Bark: At first smooth, creamy yellowish-white to very light green; later developing thick furrows and becoming dark, especially near the base.
Form: Small (30 to 40 feet tall) upright tree, which often occurs in thickets.

42. Red Alder Alnus Ruba
Leaf: Alternate, simple, deciduous, ovate, 3 to 6 inches long, prominently penniveined leaf with doubly serrate margins that are tightly rolled under at the edges (revolute); petiole 1 inch long and grooved; green to yellow green above and paler green below.
Flower: Monoecious; but borne in unisexual aments (catkins), preformed males are slender, pendent, and hang in clusters of 2 to 5; female catkins are short and thick, borne at the ends of branchlets.
Fruit: A small semi-woody cone about 1/2 to 1 inch long, persists through the winter, brown, seeds are tiny winged nutlets, shed in the fall.
Twig: Young twigs are distinctly triangular in cross-section; olive to reddish brown; prominent lenticels; clearly stalked buds.
Bark: Ashy gray to grayish brown, generally smooth but breaking into flat, irregular plates near the base, increasingly covered with white lichens as it ages; inner bark is tan but turns red when exposed to air.
Form: A medium sized tree reaching 120 feet tall and 1 to 3 feet in diameter. Typically has a moderately straight bole with an open, broadly pyramidal or dome-shaped crown. Lower trunk is usually free of branches due to intolerance to shade.

43. Red Huckleberry Vaccinium parvifolium
Leaf: Alternate, simple, deciduous, elliptical to ovate, small (1/2 to 1 1/2 inches long), margins entire, green above and paler below, leaves very thin.
Flower: Monoecious; perfect, small (1/4 inch long), greenish-white or pinkish, bell-shaped, borne singly in leaf axils.
Fruit: Small (1/4 inch diameter), bright red berries with translucent skins, delicious.
Twig: Young twigs are bright green and ribbed or angled, buds are small and red.
Bark: Thin, smooth, and reddish brown.
Form: An upright, finely branched deciduous shrub commonly growing 4 to 10 feet tall (sometimes larger).

44. Redwood Sequoia sempervirens
Leaf: Evergreen, 1/2 to 1 inch long, linear, two-ranked and flattened, yellow-green to green, upper side of needle has sparse stomatal bloom while underside has two distinct bands. Leaves on cone-bearing branches may be scale-like.
Flower: Monoecious; both males and females are very small and occur near the ends of shoots; males are oblong; females more egg-shaped.
Fruit: Woody cone, 3/4 to 1 inch long, reddish-brown, basically egg-shaped, mature in one season.
Twig: Slender, often drooping, initially green and later turning brown.
Bark: Very thick (up to 1 foot), deeply furrowed with rounded ridges, fibrous, reddish to gray-brown.
Form: Very large, tall, straight tree (over 300 feet) with a narrow, loose crown.

45. Rhododendron
Leaf: Alternate, simple, persistent, elliptical to oblong, 3 to 6 inches long, thick and leathery, dark green and smooth above and paler below (sometimes rusty), margins entire and often slightly revolute. Distinctly whorled at the tips of branches.
Flower: Monoecious; perfect, large and showy, rose-purple in color (sometimes almost white), 1 to 1 1/2 inches long, but borne in large, loose clusters, each flower is bell shaped, appearing in early summer.
Fruit: A small brown, 5-parted capsule about 1/2 inch long, borne in clusters.
Twig: Stout; green and glabrous when young, eventually turning reddish brown or gray; buds are large and pointed (especially terminal flower buds) with many imbricate scales.
Bark: Grayish brown and thin, smooth or scaly.
Form: A gangly, evergreen shrub to 12 feet tall.

46. Salal Gaultheria shallon
Leaf: Simple, alternate, persistent, ovate to oval, 2 to 4 inches long, leathery texture, dark glossy green above and paler below, margins finely serrate, veins arcuate.
Flower: Monoecious; perfect, small (1/4 inch), urn-shaped, pink to white, and borne in elongated clusters, appearing in early summer.
Fruit: Small (1/4 inch), round, bluish-black berries, edible.
Twig: New twigs green to red and covered with short hairs, older twigs grayish brown and smooth. Twigs change angles between each node, giving a distinctive zig-zag appearance.
Bark: Seldom seen because of thicket-forming nature of salal. reddish brown to grayish brown and longitudinally scaly.
Form: An evergreen shrub that varies in height depending on light. In full sun, it forms dense, low thickets 1 to 3 feet high. In shadier environments it is much more spindly, reaching 10 feet. Sprouts profusely from rhizomes.

47. Salmon Berry Rubus spectabilis
Leaf: Alternate, pinnately compound (3 leaflets), deciduous; leaflets are ovate, 1 to 3 inches long, green above and below, margins are doubly serrate or lobed and serrate; the opposing lateral leaflets often have a single lobe and together resemble a butterfly. Leaflets are armed below and have a wrinkled surface above.
Flower: Monoecious; perfect, complete; large (about 1 1/2 inches in diameter), bright pink to dark red (often magenta), occur either singly or in clusters of 2 to 4, appearing in late spring to early summer.
Fruit: Yellow to red (often salmon colored), mushy raspberries (aggregate of drupelets); edible, but taste varies. Pull free from the torus (central core), leaving a thimble-like appearance.
Twig: New stems are green and armed; older stems have orange bark that is thin, papery, exfoliates, and has fine prickles that exfoliate.
Bark:
Form: An erect, spindly shrub that commonly grows 3 to 10 feet tall; often forms dense thickets.

48. Scotch Broom Cytisus scoparius
Leaf: Alternate, palmately compound, 3 leaflets, entire leaf 1/2 to 1 inch across, dark green above, paler and fuzzy below.
Flower: Monoecious; large, 1 inch long, pea-like and bright yellow, appearing in late spring and early summer.
Fruit: Flat pods 1 to 1 1/2 inches long, fuzzy edges, brown when ripe in late summer.
Twig: Slender, green, angled and grooved, tips often die back; buds very small.
Bark: Greenish brown, smooth but becoming shallowly fissured with lighter strips.
Form: Large open shrub to 10 feet, often looking tangled.

49. Sugar Pine Pinus lambertiana
Leaf: Evergreen needles, 2 to 4 inches long, fascicles of 5, blue-green with white lines of stomatal bloom on all needle surfaces, persist 2 to 3 years, tend to droop, fascicle sheath is deciduous, apex pointed.
Flower: Monoecious; male cones are small, yellow, and clustered near the ends of branches; female cones are small, pale green, round, and clustered near the tips of branches in the upper part of the crown.
Fruit: Large cylindrical woody cones, 10 to 18 inches long (sometimes longer); yellowish brown when mature; scales thickened but unarmed; long, thick stalk.
Twig: Moderately stout and grayish brown.
Bark: Young bark is thin and grayish green later becoming up to 3 inches thick, reddish brown, with narrow, broken, scaly ridges separated by deep furrows.
Form: Tall and straight evergreen conifer growing to 200 feet tall and 7 feet in diameter with an open crown and long horizontal branches.

50. Sword Fern Polystichum munitum

51. Oregon Tall Grape Mahonia aquifolium
Leaf: Alternate, pinnately compound, persistent, 6 to 12 inches long; 5 to 9 broadly lanceolate leaflets each 2 to 3 inches long, leaflets are dark, glossy green above and paler green below; thick, waxy cuticles, sharply spined teeth along their margins. Lateral leaflets are opposite and sessile, while the terminal leaflet has a petiole; each leaflet has a distinct midrib.
Flower: Monoecious; perfect, small bright yellow flowers are borne in long, upright racemes.
Fruit: Small (3/16 inch), dark blue berries, edible, but sour.
Twig: Main stems are largely unbranched, with compound leaves arising directly from main stems; green when young, turning gray-brown with age.
Bark: Gray-brown and smooth or slightly rough, sometimes appears striped as the bark matures.
Form: A tall, erect, evergreen shrub reaching 3 to 10 feet fall. Most commonly grow in clusters with numerous, erect, unbranched stems.

52. The Tan Oak Tree (Lithocarpus densiflorus)
Leaf: Simple, alternate, persistent for 3 to 4 years, oblong, 3 to 5 inches long, stiff and leathery, margins may be entire or coarsely toothed and are often revolute. Young leaves are densely pubescent, mature leaves are dark green above and bluish white underneath and have lost most of their pubescence.
Flower: Monoecious; imperfect with separate sexes borne in erect aments; female aments are borne on the basal portion of an otherwise male ament, appearing with the leaves.
Fruit: Single or paired acorns about 1 inch long, caps are shallow and covered with dense bristles, the insides of the caps and the exposed portion of the nut are densely pubescent. Acorns take 2 seasons to mature.
Twig: Stout and round, covered with dense rust-colored pubescence for the first or second year, reddish brown; pith is stellate.
Bark: Mature bark is moderately thick (3/4 to 1 1/2 inches) with narrow furrows and rounded, flattened ridges sometimes breaking into square plates; reddish brown.
Form: A moderate sized tree (60 to 100 feet tall and 1 to 5 feet in diameter), commonly growing in clumps with multiple stems due to sprouts arising from underground burls. In the open, the crown is dense and rounded, in the shade it can be narrow and spire-like.

53. Thimble Berry Rubus parviflorus
Leaf: Simple, alternate, deciduous, large (3 to 10 inches in diameter) and palmately lobed (3 to 5 lobes); margins serrate, dark green and velvety on both surfaces (glandular hairs).
Flower: Monoecious; perfect, complete, large (about 1 inch in diameter), broad white petals with a texture like crinkled tissue paper, occur terminally, either singly or in small clusters, appearing in early summer.
Fruit: Red raspberries (aggregate of drupelets) in the shape of a flattened dome, sparse, long hairs; edible, but taste varies. Pull free from the torus (central core), leaving a thimble-like appearance.
Twig: New stems are green and glandular; older stems have bark that is thin, tan, and papery. Unarmed.
Bark:
Form: An erect, spindly shrub that commonly grows to 6 feet tall, often forms thickets.

54. Vine Maple Acer circinatum
Leaf: Opposite, simple, deciduous; palmately lobed and veined with 7 to 9 shallow, fan-like lobes (usually 7); outline circular, 2 to 4 inches in diameter, but can be larger in shade; green above and paler green below.
Flower: Monoecious; flowers small, red, and borne in short terminal clusters.
Fruit: Double samaras with wings at 180 degrees to one another, each samara 1 to 2 inches long, often bright red when mature.
Twig: Slender, smooth, and round; green to reddish brown but often red in the sun; buds small (1/8 inch) and opposite, terminal buds paired and dichotomous.
Bark: Thin, smooth, and greenish, regardless of age, often covered with mosses and lichens.
Form: An erect shrub reaching 20 to 40 feet tall (occasionally larger); multiple stems sprouting from base, and crooked branches in a helter-skelter arrangement. When old and undisturbed they often form graceful arches from branch layering.

55. Western Hemlock Tsuga heterophylla
Leaf: Evergreen, flattened, single needles, spirally arranged (but somewhat 2-ranked); short (1/4 to 3/4 inch long), rounded tips, short but distinct petioles, two distinctly different sizes that alternate on the twig, yellow-green to green above with two white bands below.
Flower: Monoecious; male cones are tiny, yellow, and occur axillary on previous year's growth; female cones are tiny, purple, and terminal.
Fruit: Small, woody, egg-shaped cones (about 1 inch long) with numerous thin, imbricate scales; pendent, sessile, and terminal; reddish brown; mature in one season, abundant.
Twig: Slender, flexible, and minutely pubescent, roughened by diagonally-raised and rounded leaf scars.
Bark: Young bark is thin, superficially scaly, and brown to black; on mature trees bark is thin (about 1 inch) with flattened ridges; inner bark is dark red streaked with purple.
Form: A large evergreen conifer that reaches 200 feet tall and 4 feet in diameter, mature trees have a pyramidal crown and lacy foliage that droops at the terminal ends.

56. Western Larch Larix occidentalis
Leaf: Deciduous, yellow-green in spring turning golden yellow in fall; borne singly on current year's twigs, but clustered on spur shoots on older twigs; 1 to 1 3/4 inches long, linear, and flattened to triangular in cross-section.
Flower: Monoecious; male cones are round to oblong and yellow to yellow-green in color; female cones are small, erect, and bright red when young.
Fruit: Small (1 to 1 1/2 inches long), egg-shaped cones with thin, woody scales with finely toothed apexes. Bracts have spines that are longer than the scales (similar to Douglas-fir, but smaller).
Twig: Twigs are yellowish brown and covered by short, thick spur shoots; may be finely hairy the first year.
Bark: Young bark is thin, scaly, and gray-brown, later becoming 3 to 6 inches thick with deep furrows and flattened ridges, yellow to reddish brown.
Form: A large deciduous conifer growing 100 to 180 feet tall and 3 to 4 feet in diameter, very straight bole topped with a lacy, open crown.

57. Western Juniper Juniperus occidentalis
Leaf: Persistent, scale-like and awl-like (in combination), and mostly ternate (arranged in whorls of 3), although some are decussate (in pairs); appressed tightly to the twig, tips of awl-like needles are free of the twig. Back side of needles are glandular and resin dotted, very aromatic.
Flower: Mostly Dioecious; rarely Monoecious; male cones small, yellow, and terminal; female cones small, ovate, and at ends of branches.
Fruit: Cones are small (about 1/4 inch diameter) and round with smooth, leathery scales; green when young and bluish black when mature, but always covered with white bloom, require 2 growing seasons to mature.
Twig: Round and reddish brown, smooth when young but becoming scaly with age.
Bark: Mature bark is thin (less than 1 inch thick), reddish brown, but weathering to grayish brown with broad, shallow furrows and flattened ridges.
Form: Small, dry-site evergreen tree growing 20 to 60 feet tall and 1 to 3 feet in diameter; trunk is typically short, thick, and many-branched.

58. Western Red Cedar Thuja plicata
Leaf: Persistent, scale-like, and arranged in decussate pairs; yellow-green on top with a distinctive butterfly shaped bloom pattern on the underside. Individual leaves are typically 1/16 to 1/8 inch long and sets of four are roughly square. Foliage arranged in flattened sprays, dead leaves fall in sprays.
Flower: Monoecious; male cones are small and inconspicuous; female cones are small, reddish purple, and borne near the tips of branches.
Fruit: Small woody cones (1/2 inch long) with thin, valvate scales arranged in 5 to 6 decussate pairs; typically upturned on the branches.
Twig: Younger twigs are flattened while older twigs are round, slender, flexible, and slightly zigzag; reddish brown.
Bark: Thin (1/2 to 3/4 inch thick), fibrous, stringy, and reddish brown; finely ridged and furrowed; intertwined; comes off in long strips.
Form: A large evergreen conifer that grows to 200 feet tall and 10 feet in diameter (sometimes more). Has an open, pyramidal crown with pendulous, frond-like branches. Base of trunk is often swollen and fluted.

59. Western White Pine Pinus monticola
Leaf: Acicular, 2 to 4 inches long, fascicles of 5, blue-green with white lines of stomatal bloom on two of the three needle surfaces, persist 3 to 4 years, bundle sheath is deciduous, apex blunt.
Flower: Monoecious; male cones are small, yellow, and clustered near the tips of branches; female cones are larger, almost round, greenish pink in color, and clustered near the tips of branches in the upper parts of the crown.
Fruit: Large cylindrical woody cones, 5 to 12 inches long, thin and curved. Brown when mature; scales thin and unarmed, typically tipped with globs of white resin; very short stalk.
Twig: Moderately stout and grayish brown.
Bark: Initially thin and grayish green later becoming up to 2 inches thick, gray to purplish gray and broken into square or rectangular blocks, not ridged and furrowed. Dark bands commonly encircle the tree where whorls of branches have fallen off.
Form: Tall, straight, evergreen conifer growing to 180 feet tall and 4 feet in diameter with an open crown, long up-raised branches near the top (horizontal lower down); bole commonly free of branches for half its length.

60. Bitter Cherry Prunus emarginata
Leaf: Alternate, simple, deciduous, oblong to oval, from 1 to 3 inches long, serrated margins, small glands on basal serrations or petiole, dark green above and paler below.
Flower: Monoecious; perfect, small, white, borne in a loose, flat-topped cluster; appearing in late spring to early summer.
Fruit: A bright red, juicy, drupe (cherry) about 1/4 inch in diameter, edible but bitter.
Twig: Round and slender, dark reddish brown and smooth; spur shoots common on older twigs.
Bark: Thin, dark reddish brown or bronze, tending to break and curl cross-wise; has prominent horizontal lenticels.
Form: A small tree or shrub to 50 feet tall and 18 inches in diameter, with an oblong crown.

61. Grand Fir vs. Pacific Silver Fir Abies Grandis vs. Abies amabilis

62. Comparison Abies Grandis vs. Abies Concolor

63. Grand Fir Abies Grandis
Leaf: Flattened needles, about 3/4 to 2 inches long, dark yellow-green above with 2 white bands below; apex rounded or notched; spirally arranged but flattened into 2 ranks especially lower in the crown; vary in length with lengths alternating on the twig; grow parallel to one another but perpendicular to the twig.
Flower: Monoecious; male cones yellowish and borne beneath the leaves; female cones yellowish-green to green and borne upright near the top of the crown.
Fruit: Cones are 2 to 4 inches long, barrel-shaped, and borne upright on the twig; cone scales are deciduous, falling from the cone as seeds ripen; green to purplish green when mature.
Twig: Stiff, olive to reddish brown, and covered with round, flat leaf scars when needles fall. Buds are large, rounded, and covered with pitch; terminal buds usually occur in clusters of three or more.
Bark: When young grayish green and covered with resin blisters; with age becoming 2 to 3 inches thick, grayish brown and mottled, often furrowed with flattened ridges; inner bark is purple-red.
Form: A large evergreen, commonly 150 to 200 feet tall and 3 to 4 feet in diameter. It develops a long narrow crown of dense foliage, often rounded or flat-topped at maturity.

64. White Fir Abies Concolor
Leaf: Flattened needles, silvery blue-green both above and below, 2 to 3 inches long, blunt at the tip, extending at right angles from the twig, often curving upwards. A citrus smell is present when the needle is broken. White bloom may be distributed evenly or may occur in distinct bands on both surfaces.
Flower: Monoecious; males yellow- to red-toned, catkin-like; females inconspicuous, yellow-brown.
Fruit: Cones are upright, 3 to 5 1/2 inches long, oblong, yellow-green to purple, with erose shoulders; deciduous at maturity with seed dispersal in fall.
Twig: Twigs are dark orange at first, becoming gray-green, then gray. Leaf scars are circular.
Bark: Thin, smooth and gray on young trees, with resin pockets. On old trees, thick, ashy gray with deep, irregular furrows.
Form: Young trees are conical. Older trees develop a dome-like crown.

65. Willow Salix

66. Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii
Leaf: Evergreen, single needles that lack woody pegs or suction cups, yellow-green to blue-green, 3/4 to 1 1/4 inches long, tips blunt or slightly rounded, very fragrant.
Flower: Monoecious; males oblong, red to yellow, near branch tips; females reddish, with long bracts, occurring near branch tips.
Fruit: Very distinctive, 3 to 4 inches long with rounded scales. Three-lobed bracts extend beyond the cone scales and resemble mouse posteriors. Maturing in late summer.
Twig: Slender and red-brown, with long, sharp, pointed, red-brown buds.
Bark: Smooth and gray on young stems, becoming thickened, red-brown with ridges and deep furrows.
Form: A pyramidal crown that is somewhat open and self-prunes poorly. Stems are characteristically straight.