1. 2.5 Carbohydrates

2. 2.5 Carbohydrates Some Functions: Quick fuel Short-term energy storage
Structure of organisms
Cell to cell recognition

3. 2.5 Carbohydrates
Simple Carbohydrates

4. 2.5 Carbohydrates Simple Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides are sugars with carbon atoms

5. 2.5 Carbohydrates Simple Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides are sugars with carbon atoms
Pentose refers to a 5-carbon sugar
Hexose refers to a 6-carbon sugar

6. 2.5 Carbohydrates
Three ways to represent the structure of glucose.

7. 2.5 Carbohydrates
Disaccharides contain two monosaccharides.

8. 2.5 Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides are long polymers that contain many glucose subunits.

9. 2.5 Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides are long polymers that contain many glucose subunits.
Starch is the storage form of glucose in plants.

10. 2.5 Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides are long polymers that contain many glucose subunits.
Starch is the storage form of glucose in plants.
Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals.

11. 2.5 Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides are long polymers that contain many glucose subunits.
Starch is the storage form of glucose in plants.
Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals.
Cellulose can be found in the cell walls of plants.

12. 2.5 Carbohydrates

13. 2.6 Lipids

14. 2.6 Lipids Some Functions: Energy Storage Found in the plasma membrane
Component of steroid hormones
Lipids do not dissolve in water

15. 2.6 Lipids Some Functions: Energy Storage Found in the plasma membrane
Component of steroid hormones
Lipids do not dissolve in water
Lipids are electrically neutral

16. 2.6 Lipids
Fats and Oils

17. 2.6 Lipids Fats and Oils Fats Usually of animal origin
Solid at room temperature

18. 2.6 Lipids Fats and Oils Fats Usually of animal origin
Solid at room temperature

19. 2.6 Lipids Fats and Oils Oils Fats Usually of plant origin
Usually of animal origin
Solid at room temperature
Oils
Usually of plant origin
Liquid at room temperature

20. 2.6 Lipids
Functions of Fats

21. 2.6 Lipids Functions of Fats Long-term energy storage
Insulation against heat loss
Protection of major organs

22. 2.6 Lipids
Synthesis and degradation of a fat molecule

23. 2.6 Lipids
Emulsification

24. 2.6 Lipids
Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids

25. 2.6 Lipids Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Fatty acids are hydrocarbon chains that end with -COOH.

26. 2.6 Lipids Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Fatty acids are hydrocarbon chains that end
with -COOH.
Saturated fatty acids: No double covalent bonds between carbon atoms
Unsaturated fatty acids: Double bonds between carbon atoms

27. 2.6 Lipids
Saturated Fatty Acid
Unsaturated Fatty Acid

28. 2.6 Lipids
Phospholipids

29. 2.6 Lipids
Phospholipids
Comprised of 2 fatty acids + a phosphate group
Primary components of cellular membranes

30. 2.6 Lipids

31. 2.6 Lipids
Steroids

32. 2.6 Lipids
Steroids
All steroids have four adjacent rings.

33. 2.6 Lipids Steroids All steroids have four adjacent rings. Examples:
Cholesterol
Testosterone
Estrogen

34. 2.6 Lipids

35. 2.7 Proteins Proteins have important functions in cells.
Proteins such as keratin and collagen have structural roles.
Proteins are also enzymes that speed up the chemical reactions of metabolism.
Proteins such as hemoglobin are responsible for the transport of substances within the body.
Proteins also transport substances across cell membranes.

36. 2.7 Proteins Proteins have important functions in cells.
Proteins form the antibodies of the immune system that defend the body from disease.
Proteins such as insulin are hormones that regulate cellular function.
Contractile proteins such as actin and myosin allow parts of cells to move and muscles to contract.

37. 2.7 Proteins
Proteins are comprised of amino acids.

38. 2.7 Proteins Amino acids Amino group (-NH2) Acidic group (-COOH)
R group (remainder)

39. 2.7 Proteins

40. 2.7 Proteins Peptides A polypeptide is a single chain of amino acids.
A peptide bond joins two amino acids.

41. 2.7 Proteins

42. 2.7 Proteins Levels of Protein Organization
The structure of a protein has three or four levels of organization.
The final shape of a protein is very important
to its function.

43. 2.7 Proteins

44. 2.7 Proteins

45. 2.7 Proteins

46. 2.8 Nucleic Acids
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

47. 2.8 Nucleic Acids
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)

48. 2.8 Nucleic Acids DNA stores genetic information.
DNA codes for the order of amino acids in a protein.
RNA is an intermediary in the sequencing of amino acids into a protein.

49. 2.8 Nucleic Acids Components of a nucleotide Phosphate Pentose sugar
Nitrogen-containing base

50. 2.8 Nucleic Acids
DNA Structure

51. 2.8 Nucleic Acids

52. 2.8 Nucleic Acids
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

53. 2.8 Nucleic Acids ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) A high energy molecule
ATP undergoes hydrolysis and energy is released

54. 2.8 Nucleic Acids