1. 7 April 11 DRILL 3-6 Quiz Tomorrow on Renewable and Nonrenewable Fuel
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
DRILL
Quiz Tomorrow on Renewable and Nonrenewable Fuel
How many pie charts could you create from the following information? What would you title each?
U.S. Primary Energy Use by Source and Sector

2. Quiz Review Fuels – Nonrenewable 3-6 Fossil Fuels Coal Natural Gas
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Quiz Review
Fuels – Nonrenewable
Fossil Fuels
Coal
Natural Gas
Petroleum
Source? Extraction methods? Details?
Nuclear
Nuclear fuel cycle – 3 stages
Front End Service Period Back End

3. IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Fuels – Nonrenewable

4. IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Fuels – Nonrenewable

5. Quiz Review Fuels – Renewable 3-6
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Quiz Review
Fuels – Renewable
Renewable Resource: A natural resource replenished by natural processes at a rate comparable or faster than its rate of consumption by humans or other users.
Biofuel
Sources – biowaste, edible foods, non-edible parts of foods, algae
Types – veg. oil, bioalcohols, biodiesel, solid biofuels (biomass)

6. Quiz Review Pie Charts 3-6
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Quiz Review
Pie Charts
Make sure you bring ruler, protractor, and compass

7. UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER 3-6 UNIT 3 Topics Covered
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER
UNIT 3
Topics Covered
Energy Sources – Fuels and Power Plants
Classical Mechanics:
Force, Work, Energy, and Power
Trigonometry and Vectors
Energy and Power
Impacts of Current Generation and Use

8. Power Plants 3-6 Types of Power Plants
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Power Plants
Types of Power Plants
The engine, motor, and related parts
Supplies the motive power of a self-propelled object
Produces a kinetic energy output from a fuel source input
Electricity generating station
Typically what is referred to by “power plant”
Mechanical, heat, chemical, solar sources

9. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Terminology
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Power Plants – Engines
Terminology
Combustion – the burning of fuel with an oxidizer
Oxidizer – a chemical compound that transfers oxygen atoms – a typical oxidizer is ambient air
Ambient – surrounding, environmental, atmospheric
External combustion engine (ECE) – heat engine that derives heat from fuel consumed outside engine
Internal combustion engine (ICE) – heat engine that derives heat from combustion of fuel within engine, instead of in external furnace
Thermodynamic – physics that deals with the mechanical action or relations of heat

10. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines
Historically – engine referred to device that converted force into motion
Catapult, battering ram, and other siege weapons
Mills – grinding
Water mill, wind mill, horse mill, treadmill
al-Jazari – invented crankshaft and connecting rod, one of the most important mech. tech. after wheel
1698 – first practical steam powered engine – Thomas Savery

11. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines
Gasoline Ignition I.C.E. – four stroke
Otto Engine / Otto Cycle
Nicolaus Otto first to develop functioning 4-stroke engine
Uses spark plugs to ignite fuel/air mixture

12. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines
Gasoline Ignition I.C.E. – four stroke
Cycle begins at Top Dead Center (TDC)
Intake – fuel and air enter cylinder
Compression – fuel mixture under pressure
Combustion – causes expansion against piston
Exhaust – Cooled combustion products exhausted

13. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines 7
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines 7
Gasoline Ignition I.C.E. – four stroke
Identify the following components:
Piston
Connecting rod
Crankshaft
Valves
Spark plug
Cams
Cam shaft
Cylinder
Crank Case 6 6 5 4 4 8 1 2 3 9

14. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines
Gasoline Ignition I.C.E. – two stroke
Does not have valves – simplifies construction and lowers weight
Fire once every revolution, instead of every other (4-stroke) – power boost
Work in any orientation (4-stroke limited due to oil flow)

15. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines
Gasoline Ignition I.C.E. – two stroke
Compression/Charging
Compression of air/fuel/oil mixture
Fuel pulled into crankcase by vacuum – “charging”
Transfer/Exhaust
Spark ignition
Intake port exposed
Exhaust forced out

16. Returns unused fuel to cylinder
Power Plants – Engines
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines
Gasoline Ignition I.C.E. – two stroke
Notice in this animation the “return positive pressure”
What purpose does it fulfill?
Returns unused fuel to cylinder

17. Power Plants – Engines 3-2 Gasoline
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-2
Power Plants – Engines
Gasoline
Petroleum-derived liquid mixture, primarily fuel in internal combustion engines
(not external combustion or gas turbine engines)
Enhanced with additives to tune performance and reduce emissions
Enhanced with isooctane to prevent engine “knocking”
“same” 8
hydrocarbon

18. Power Plants – Engines 3-2 Gasoline – Octane Rating
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-2
Power Plants – Engines
Gasoline – Octane Rating
Engine Knocking – when combustion occurs in the cylinder at the wrong time
Not due to spark plug igniting incorrectly
Due to pressure exploding fuel before plug ignites
Octane Rating – the higher the rating, the less knocking
High performance cars operate at higher pressures – require higher octane.
Standard performance cars – higher octane waste of $

19. Power Plants – Engines Engines - Cams
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
Power Plants – Engines
Engines - Cams
Cam – lobes that force open valves
Camshaft – cylindrical rod that runs length of cylinder bank
Explain the operation
of the valves:

20. Power Plants – Engines Engines – Internal Combustion Engine
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
Power Plants – Engines
Engines – Internal Combustion Engine
Identify the type of internal combustion engine:
4-Stroke I.C.E.
2-Stroke I.C.E.