1. Animals with backbones
Vertebrates
Animals with backbones

2. Characteristics of chordates:
1. Dorsal hollow nerve cord 2. Notochord

3. 3. Gill slits
4. Tail

4. Most chordates are vertebrates
like the fish, amphibians, reptiles,
birds and mammals.

5. A small number are nonvertebrate chordates like the lancelets and the tunicates

6. Fish
Characteristics:
Aquatic
2 Paired fins
Scales

7. Gills
Ectothermic (cold blooded)

8. Fins

9. Structures and functions:
Feeding: herbivores, carnivores, omnivores
Circulation-closed, 2 chambered heart
upper chamber is called the atrium, bottom is ventricle

10. Excretion-kidneys remove waste from blood
response-well developed, brain divided into parts:
olfactory-smell
optic-sight
cerebellum-muscular movement and balance
cerebrum-thinking
medulla-internal body organs

11. Most fish have ears but they don’t function well
Lateral line on side of fish picks up motion in water

12. Reproduction: Oviparous-lay eggs (most fish are this)
                                             
Reproduction:
Oviparous-lay eggs (most fish are this)
ovoviviparous-eggs develop inside mother but are not nourished by her (sharks)
viviparous-live young (guppies)

13. Depth is controlled by a swim bladder.

14. Examples
1. Jawless fish
hagfish
lamprey

15. 2. Cartilaginous
sharks
skates
rays

16. 3. Bony fish-Osteichtheyes
ray finned
Lobefinned-fleshy fins

17. Amphibians Characteristics
Live in water as larva and on land as adults
Skin is moist
lack scales and claws
ectothermic

18. Structures and functions:
Feeding:
Young are filter feeders, adults are carnivores

19. Circulation -3 chambered heart
Respiration
Gas exchange in gills when in
the water, by lungs, mouth and
skin as adults.
Circulation -3 chambered heart

20. Response: Well developed brain and sensory organs
Eyes covered with nictitating membrane (protects and keeps eyes moist)
Eardrum is called the tympanum

21. Reproduction: Eggs must be laid in water
Male squeezes eggs out of female’s body and then fertilizes them (external)

22. Examples of amphibians
1. Frogs and toads-lose their tail

23. 2. Salamanders-keep their tails

24. 3. Caecililian-legless, (lives in the tropics)

25. Importance in the world
poisonous (advertise with bright colors)
eat insects that damage crops

26. Reptiles
Characteristics
Dry scaly skin
Larger lungs

27. Terrestrial eggs
Ectothermic

28. Feeding-some herbivores, some carnivores
Respiration-use lungs only, no gills

29. Internal transport-3 chambered heart except crocodiles and alligators have 4
Excretion-secrete dry waste to conserve water

30. Response-senses are well developed, brain is larger than fish and amphibians
Reproduction-internal fertilization
Molting-shedding of skin

31. Examples of reptiles:
1. Tuatara-found only in New Zealand

32. 2. Lizards and snakes
Pit vipers-detect prey with heat sensitive pits on head

33. Toxins-hemotoxins, neurotoxins

34. 3. Crocodiles and alligators
Alligators live in fresh water only, crocodiles in both

35. 4. Turtles and tortoises Shell is part of skeleton
generally turtles like water, tortoises land

36. The evolution of
reptiles to birds:

37. Birds Characteristics: Covered with feathers legs covered with scales
Front limbs modified into
wings
All are endothermic

38. Feather types:
Contour-large flight feathers

39. Down feathers- found underneath, insulate

40. Powder feathers-produce
powder that keeps bird
waterproof
Filoplumes- maneuver
contour feathers
Bristles-around eyes for protection

41. Structures and functions:
Feeding-large amounts of food are required for flight and body temperature. Have a crop for storage of food and a gizzard for grinding.

42. respiration-they have
several air sacs as well
as lungs

43. circulation-4 chambered heart
excretion-similar to reptiles,
most of the water is retained

44. Response-a bird has a large brain for its body size
Senses are well developed
behaviors-nesting, migration, care of young
Songs and displays used in courtship and declaring territory

45. Preening-preen gland located at base of tail used to waterproof feathers
Flight-hollow bones, air sacs, strong pectoral muscles, wings, feathers

46. Reproduction-very high survival rate
Internal fertilization
Most incubate eggs and care for their young

47. Feet flightless-broad flat feet perching-long toes to wrap
around branches
water birds-webbed feet
birds of prey-claws (talons)

48. Beaks tell what they eat
Bird of prey
Insect eaters

49. Digs for worms in mud
Others may have scoops

50. Importance of birds:
Pollination of flowers and
dispersal of seeds

51. Feathers used for warmth and beauty

52. Eaten for food
Control of insects

53. Mammals Characteristics: endothermic fur or hair
mammary glands to nurse young
live birth

54. Structures and functions:
Feeding: a lot of food is required to maintain body temperature
Carnivores-sharp tearing teeth
Herbivores-flat grinding teeth

55. Respiration-lungs moved
by diaphragm
Circulation-4 chambered heart

56. Response-mammals have the most highly developed brain
                                                                                

57. Examples: 1. Monotremes-egg laying mammals
duck bill platypus, spiny anteater, found in Australia only

58. 2. Marsupials-pouched mammals - kangaroos, koalas, opossums

59. 3. Placental-nutrients and waste exchanged through the placenta
a. insectivora-shrews, hedgehogs, moles

60. b. Chiroptera-bats

61. c. xenarthrans-without teeth sloth, anteater, armadillo

62. d. Rodentia-gophers, rats, mice, beavers, squirrels

63. e. Lagomorpha-rabbits, hares, pikas

64. f. Carnivora-dogs, cats,
bears, seals

65. g. Cetacea-whales, dolphins, porpoises

66. h. Sirenia-manatees (sea cows)

67. i. Arteriodactyla-even toed sheep, goats, giraffes, pigs

68. j. Perissodactyla-have odd number of toes
horses, zebras, rhinos, tapirs

69. k. Proboscidea-trunks elephants

70. l. Primates- monkeys, apes, humans