1. CHRIS ALAS, MA HCC- W. LOOP SPRING 2014
ch. 10 : development
CHRIS ALAS, MA
HCC- W. LOOP
SPRING 2014

2. What is Developmental Psychology?
Developmental psychologists are interested in how people change, physically and psychologically as they age.
Developmental psychologists are interested in common patterns of development and growth and the way in which people differ throughout the lifespan.

3. Nature and Nurture
Nature-nurture controversy - long-standing debate over relative importance of heredity and learning in many aspects of functioning. 
John Locke, British philosopher, believed that human infants born without knowledge or skills. 
Jean Rousseau, French philosopher, argued that we bring into our world our evolutionary legacy.  

4. DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS
1. LONGITUDINAL DESIGN
2. CROSS-SECTION DESIGN

5. RESEARCH DESIGNS: LONGITUDINAL
Observe and test same individuals over long period of time. 

6. RESEARCH DESIGNS: CROSS-SECTIONAL
Subject, groups, different ages, observed and immediately compared to each other

7. 4 STAGES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
1. ZYGOTE STAGE
2. GERMINAL STAGE
2. EMBRYONIC STAGE
3. FETAL STAGE

8. GERMINAL STAGE

9. EMBRYONIC STAGE Lasts 6 weeks, from week 2 to week eight.
At Beginning three types of cells can be differentiated. 
Some become the nervous system 
Some will become internal organs 
Others become muscles, skeleton, and blood vessels. 
Unborn organism most sensitive to external or environmental influences. 

10. EMBRYONIC STAGE – MOST SENSITIVE TO ENVIRONMENT

11. FETAL STAGE longest, lasting until birth.
Organs grow and begin functioning 
Arms and legs move by end of third month 
By 7 month reaches viability - can survive if born prematurely. 
Fetus ready to be born at about 270 days. 

12. FETAL

13. Environmental Influences On Prenatal Development
During rapid stage prenatal development, even small environmental disturbances can have serious and lasting consequences. 
Maternal malnutrition - increases in miscarriages, stillbirths, and premature births
Drugs and chemicals 
Maternal stress causes hormone changes and reduces oxygen available to fetus
Role of father 
one third Down's syndrome babies result from difficulties with sperm 
Undernourishment, alcohol or drug abuse, or stress in father near time of conception may have developmental consequences on child. 

14. FETAL ALCHOHOL SYNDROME
Alcohol - heavy drinking increases probability of having smaller babies
babies with retarded physical growth
poor coordination,
poor muscle tone,
and intellectual retardation 

15. FACIAL FEATURES OF A FAS BABY

17. ATTACHMENT
A strong, two-way emotional bond, usually referring to relationship between child and mother or primary caregiver. 
Protects child while providing child freedom to explore 
Strong attachments likely to be formed if adult sensitive to needs of child 
Promoted by spontaneous hugging, smiling, eye contact, and vocalizing.  

18. SECURE ATTACHMENT

19. AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT

20. ANXIOUS-AMBIVALENT ATTACHMENT

21. SEPERATION ANXIETY DISORDER (SAD)
 is a psychological condition in which an individual experiences excessive anxiety regarding separation from home or from people to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment (e.g. a parent, grandparents, or siblings)

22. Characteristics of the Authoritarian Parenting Style
Have strict rules and expectations.
Very demanding, but not responsive.
Don't express much warmth or nurturing.
Utilize punishments with little or no explanation.
Don't give children choices or options.

23. OUTCOME OF AUTHORITARIAN
The children of authoritarian parents:
Tend to associate obedience and success with love.
Some children display more aggressive behavior outside the home.
Others may act fearful or overly shy around others.
Often have lower self-esteem.
Have difficulty in social situations.

24. AUTHORATIATIVE PARENTING
Authoritative parents:
Listen to their children
Encourage independence
Place limits, consequences and expectations on their children's behavior
Express warmth and nurturance
Allow children to express opinions
Encourage children to discuss options
Administer fair and consistent discipline

25. The Effects of the Authoritative Parenting Style
Child development experts generally identify the authoritative parenting style as the "best" approach to parenting. Children raised by authoritative parents tend to be more capable, happy and successful.
Tend to have a happier dispositions
Have good emotional control and regulation
Develop good social skills
Are self-confident about their abilities to learn new skills

26. Permissive Parenting Style
Permissive parents:
Have few rules or standards of behavior
When there are rules, they are often very inconsistent
Are usually very nurturing and loving towards their kids
Often seem more like a friend, rather than a parent.
May use bribery such as toys, gifts and food as a means to get child to behave

27. The Effects of Permissive Parenting
Children raised by permissive parents:
Lack self-discipline
Sometimes have poor social skills
May be self-involved and demanding
May feel insecure due to the lack of boundaries and guidance

28. PIAGET’S 4 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

29. PIAJET – STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

30. WHY STUDY DEVELOPMENT?
It allows us to understand what's normal, and what's not
Perhaps most importantly, studying human development makes it easier to spot possible signs of trouble.
From problems with physical or cognitive development in early childhood to emotional struggles later in life, being able to identify potential problems is important.
The earlier developmental problems are detected, the sooner intervention can begin. No matter what the situation, early detection and treatment can lead to better outcomes.

31. WHY STUDY DEVELOPMENT
Approximately 5 children die every day because of child abuse.   
1 out of 3 girls and 1 out of 5 boys will be sexually abused before they reach age 18.   
Most children become victims of abuse and neglect at 18 months or younger.  
In 2010, 1,537 children died of abuse or neglect.
79.4 percent were under the age of 4.
47.7 percent were under the age of 1.
3.6 million cases of child abuse are reported every year in the U.S. And the number of children involved in these reports is 6 million.  
Abused and neglected children are 11 times more likely to engage in criminal behavior as an adult.

32. AVERAGE OF 5 FATALATIES PER DAY

34. The end
ANY QUESTIONS?