1. Introduction to Operating Systems1
Introduction to Operating Systems

2. Learning Outcomes
Describe the purpose and functions of operating systems
Describe major events in the evolution of operating systems
List and compare the common desktop operating systems in use today
List the most common Mobile OSs, the devices associated with them, and the features found in most of these devices

3. An Overview of Microcomputer Operating Systems
LO 1.1

4. Introduction Operating System (OS) A collection of programs
Controls interactions with hardware
Interpreter between user and hardware

5. Introduction Application User software Word processor Spreadsheet
Database
Graphics

6. About Microcomputers: Hardware Components
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Microcomputer
Microprocessor
Integrated circuit (IC)

7. About Microcomputers: Hardware Components
Input/Output
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Memory
Firmware
Motherboard

8. About Microcomputers: Hardware Components
Read Only Memory Basic Input Output System (ROM BIOS)
Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)
Device driver

9. ROM BIOS Firmware Message

10. About Microcomputers: Today’s Microcomputers
Desktops and Laptops
Mobile Devices
System on a Chip (SoC)
Embedded OS
Smartphones and Tablets

11. About Microcomputers: Today’s Microcomputers
Servers and Clients For Each Service
File
Printer
Messaging

12. About Microcomputers: Today’s Microcomputers
Internet of Things (IoT)
Kitchen Appliances
Thermostats
Utility Meters
Many Other Devices

13. Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems

14. Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems
User Interface
Command-Line Interface (CLI)
Cursor

15. Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems
Graphical User Interface (GUI)

16. Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems
Job Management
Process Scheduler
Print Management

17. Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems
Task Management
Multitasking
Processes

18. Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems
File Management
File System
Formatting
Solid-State Drive
Partition
Folder or Directory

19. Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems
Device Management
Component-specific Device Drivers
Plug and Play (PNP)

20. Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems
Memory Management
Virtual Memory
Operating System Memory Limits
32-Bit versus 64-Bit

21. Table 1-1 Windows Memory Limits
Edition
32-Bit Version RAM Limit
64-Bit Version RAM Limit
Windows 7 Home Premium
4 GB
16 GB
Windows 7 Ultimate/Enterprise/Professional
192 GB
Windows 8.x and Windows 10 Home
128 GB
Windows 8.x Pro/Enterprise
512 GB
Windows 10/Pro/Enterprise/Education
2 TB

22. Windows 10 System Type

23. Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems
Security
Password-protected Authentication
User Account

24. Yesterday’s Operating Systems
LO 1.2

25. UNIX—The Operating System for All Platforms
Bell Labs 1975: UNIX version 6
Portable Operating System
Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)
FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, OpenSolaris
AIX, OpenServer, HP/UX

26. UNIX—The Operating System for All Platforms
UNIX on Internet Servers
Various User Interfaces
Bourne Shell, C Shell, or others
GNOME or KDE GUI

27. The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems
Small Steps
Computers became multipurpose devices
Early OSs managed storage for mainframes
Programmers wrote system code into applications
1960s: Disk systems on large computer

28. The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems
Small Steps: 1970s
MITS Altair 8800
Home Brew Computer Club

29. The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems
Software Versions
Version: a unique level of an OS
Version numbers: 1.0, 1.2, etc.

30. The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems
The Killer App for the Apple II
VisiCalc: electronic spreadsheet

31. The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems
The IBM PC Operating System
Microsoft BASIC interpreter in ROM
IBM needed an OS
Microsoft Provided first version of IBM PC DOS
IBM PC Introduced in 1981

32. The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems
The Killer App for PCs
1983: Lotus for PC DOS
Spreadsheet, Database, Graphics
IBM PCs sold with PC DOS and Lotus 1-2-3

33. The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems
Apple OS
1976: Jobs and Wozniak found Apple Computer Company
Introduced Apple II at the West Coast Computer Faire
1984: Apple Macintosh computer with Mac OS

34. The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems
Apple OS
1999: Mac OS 9 last version
2001: Mac OS replaced by OS X

35. The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems
MS-DOS ( s)
Microsoft Disk Operating System
For non-IBM PC computers
Single-tasking OS
Limited memory support
No built-in security function

36. MS-DOS Command-Line User Interface

37. The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems
OS/2 by Microsoft and IBM
1987: Version 1.0
Created for Intel processor
Required 2 MB memory
Required 8 MB disk space
CLI (no GUI)
Did not support most DOS apps

38. The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems
OS/2 by IBM
1990s: OS/2 Warp
GUI
For high-end servers
2005: IBM ends sales and support

39. The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems
Microsoft Windows
Windows Versions
1980s: Windows 1, Windows 2
1990s: Windows 3, 3.1, Windows 95, Windows 98
2000s: Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista

40. The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems
Microsoft Windows
Windows Editions offer different products
Windows 7 Professional
Windows 7 Ultimate
Windows 8.1 Pro
Windows 8.1 Enterprise

41. The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems
Microsoft Windows
Windows 1 through 3
1985: Windows 1
1990: Windows 3.0
1992: Windows 3.1

42. Windows 3.1

43. The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems
Microsoft Windows
1992: Windows for Workgroups 3.1with network support
1993: Windows NT 3.1Server OS
Included New Technology File System (NTFS)
Stable and secure OS
1994: Windows NT 3.5 with separate editions

44. The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems
Microsoft Windows
1995: Windows 95
Back to Windows 3.x program code
Separate code from Windows NT
Not secure

45. The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems
Microsoft Windows
1996: Windows NT 4.0
1998: Windows 98 upgrade of Windows 95

46. Windows 98

47. The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems
Microsoft Windows
2000: Windows Me (Millennium Edition)
Last of the Windows-on-DOS
For home PCs
Not adopted by organizations
No local security

48. The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems
Microsoft Windows
2000: Windows 2000
Multiple editions for servers
Desktop edition: Windows 2000 Professional

49. Windows 2000

50. The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems
Microsoft Windows
2001: Windows XP for consumer PCs
Multiple editions: Home, Professional, and Media Center
All 32-bit
Windows XP 64-bit edition for Itanium CPUs
Microsoft support ended April 2014

51. Windows XP

52. The Windows XP Start Menu

53. The Evolution of Desktop Operating Systems
Microsoft Windows
2007: Windows Vista
New Aero GUI features
Not widely adopted
Microsoft support ended April 2012

54. Windows Vista

55. Today’s Desktop Operating Systems
LO 1.3

56. Table 1-2 Summary of Current Desktop/Laptop Operating Systems
Desktop/Lap OS
Company
Platform
Applications Supported
Windows 7
Microsoft
Intel/Microsoft
DOS, 16-bit Windows, 32-bit Windows, 64-bit Windows applications
Windows 8 and Windows 10
DOS, 16-bit, 32-bit, and 64-bit Windows applications for the Desktop and for Windows 8 Modern GUI
OS X
Apple
Intel/Apple Mac
Mac applications
Linux
Various
UNIX/Linux applications

57. Today’s Windows for the Desktop
October 2009
Faster than Windows Vista
Improvements to Desktop

58. Windows 7

59. Today’s Windows for the Desktop
Windows 8 and 8.1
October 2012
Faster, better security, improved wireless
Improved touch screen support
Two GUIs
Start Screen
Desktop

60. Windows 8/8.1 Start Screen

61. Windows 8/8.1 Desktop

62. Today’s Windows for the Desktop
Summer 2015
New Start menu
Windows Hello
Microsoft Edge browser
Universal Apps
Multiple Desktops

63. Windows 8/8.1 Desktop

64. Apple OS X Based on NextStep UNIX GUI and CLI 2001: OS X 10.0 and 10.1
Upgraded every year or two

65. Apple OS X Desktop

66. Linux 1991: Linus Benedict Torvalds original developer
Used the C programming language
Used free GNU project C compiler
Available in many distributions
Native CLI
GUIs available

67. Linux CLI

68. Today’s Mobile Operating Systems
LO 1.4

69. Table 1-3 Summary of Mobile Current OSs and Related Devices
Mobile OS
Source of OS
Smartphones/Tablets
Sources of Apps
Apple iOS
Apple
Apple iPhone and iPad
Apple Apps Store
Android
Google
Smartphones and tablets from various manufacturers
Apps from Google Play and many other sources
Windows Phone 8 and Windows 10 Mobile
Microsoft
Smartphones from various manufacturers
Microsoft App Store
Windows 8 and Windows 10
Tablets from several sources
Apps from the Windows App store—and many other sources for Desktop apps

70. Mobile Devices Hardware Features Various wireless network adapters
High-quality color touch screen
Front and back digital cameras
Speaker or speaker port
Rechargeable batteries
Accelerometer
Solid-state drivers (SSDs)

71. Connectivity Smartphones and Tablets Cellular standard on smartphones
Cellular optional on tablets
Wi-Fi
Bluetooth

72. Mobile Operating System Features
Support for touch screen and virtual keyboards
Screen Rotation
Updateable
Availability of Apps
Security
Data Synchronization

73. Virtual Keyboard

74. Portrait Orientation

75. Landscape Orientation

76. The Apple Store