1. ECO 481: Public Choice Theory
Week 7:
Producer Rigged Markets
& Consumer Protection
Dr. Dennis Foster

2. Pt. I: Producer-Rigged Markets
We benefit from competition.
Firms don’t like to compete!!
Cartels - benefit firms at expense of consumers.
Welfare loss.
Transfer
Rent seeking = loss
Free riders - coffee.

3. Producer-Rigged Markets
The government as enforcer.
Thousands of trade associations/lobbyists.
“[T]hey do not visit monuments or museums. They are rent seekers and protectors. They have become so because simple majority rule enables and encourages exploitation. From this rule stems log rolling and thence a transfer society in which short-run gains prevail over long-run general losses.”

4. The Costs of Protection
Tariffs - deadweight loss . . .
Steel:
Bush: 30% tariffs.
Unions get higher wages.
Will they become competitive?
Est. $1 million per job saved.
1980s & autos.
Farm policy:
price controls, acreage restrictions.
transfers to 1% of pop.

6. Copper mining in the U.S.

7. Limits to Protection Opposing forces: Some conclusions:
Protect steel - raise costs to autos.
Additional issues - use less steel and more plastic.
Exporters and their unions.
Some conclusions:
1. The more sellers, the harder it is to form a cartel.
2. The more non-homogeneous the product, the harder it is to form a cartel.
3. The more excess capacity, the harder it is to form a cartel.

8. Pt. II: Consumer Protection
Agoraphobia
There is no “personal” benefit to under- standing how markets work.
We tend to believe they are zero-sum games.
Implies - cutthroat competition, seller ad in, monopolies and immoral profits.
And, producers don’t want competition!
SR gains outweigh LR costs.
Friedman on business

9. Monopoly In non-regulated markets, they fade. Where are they now?
They can only persist with government aid.
Still, they do face a demand.
Cartels organized/regulated by the gov’t. --price, quality, quantity, entry
Cross subsidies common.
Transfer can be a welfare loss.
How did we deregulate trucking/airlines?

10. Monopoly - Graphically
Quantity
Price
MC-m
MC-c
Demand
Q-m Q-c
transfer
loss
Lack of competition in the public sector leads to social loss.

11. What to do? Just learn to live with it! Buy off favored firms.
Auction off monopoly rights.
Slowly dissolve monopoly rents (?)
Regulate.
Decrease government intervention.

12. A market for safety? Of course! Volvos vs. Yugos.
Choices are rational.
Market caters to many preferences.
Government caters to one.
Airbags - costly in $ and lives!
“We find it odd indeed that consumers of private goods are assumed by Naderites to be incapable of assessing their own risks but highly capable of voting for public officials who can assess those risks for others.” S
D-rt
Safety
Q* Q-max $
D-ra

13. Cases CAFE standards Goal:  fuel use through better mpg.
Result: Smaller, lighter vehicles.
Consequence: deaths (2000/yr.)!!!
Alcohol
Oregon - state control of price, place, entry.
Conflicting goals - consumption & revenue.
Encourages substitution, illegal activity.
Gov’t as real monopoly (schools, roads, etc.)

14. ECO 481: Public Choice Theory
Week 7:
Producer Rigged Markets
& Consumer Protection
Dr. Dennis Foster

15. Top 10 U.S. employers – 1955

16. Top 10 U.S. employers – 1955

17. Top 10 U.S. employers – 1955

18. Top 10 U.S. employers – 2010

19. Top 10 U.S. employers – 2010

20. Top 10 U.S. employers – 2010