1. Watch in slide show mode to observe (modest) animation.
comments questions:
papers, etc:

2.
Science comprehension without curiosity is no virtue, and curiosity without comprehension no vice
Dan M. Kahan
Yale University
& many x 103 others

3. Two studies . . .

4. Two studies . . .

5. “Skin cream experiment”

6. “Skin cream experiment”

7. Two conditions

8. Correct interpretation of data
rash decreases
rash increases
incorrect
Numeracy score
Lowess regression lines

9. Covariance & Numeracy
Derived via logistic regression. Bars denote 0.95 CIs.

10. “Gun ban experiment”

11. Four conditions

12. Correct interpretation of data
skin treatment
Numeracy score
Gun ban
Lowess regression lines

13. Correct interpretation of data
skin treatment
Numeracy score
Gun ban
Lowess regression lines
Numeracy score

14. Lowess regression lines

15. Best fitting regression model for experiment results
rash_decrease
0.40
(1.57)
rash increase
0.06
(0.22)
crime increase
1.07
(4.02)
z_numeracy
-0.01
(-0.05)
z_numeracy_x_rash_decrease
0.55
(2.29)
z_numeracy_x_rash_increase
0.23
(1.05)
z_numeracy_x_crime_increase
0.46
(2.01)
z_numeracy2
0.31
(2.46)
z_numeracy2_x_rash_decrease
0.02
(0.14)
z_numeracy2_x_rash_increase
-0.07
(-0.39)
z_numeracy2_x_crime_increase
-0.31
(-1.75)
Conserv_Repub
-0.64
(-3.95)
Conserv_Repub_x_rash_decrease
0.56
(2.64)
Conserv_Repub_x_rash_increase
1.28
(6.02)
Conserv_Repub_x_crime_increase
0.63
(2.82)
z_numeracy_x_Conserv_repub
-0.33
(-1.89)
z_nuneracy_x_Conserv_Repub_x_rash_decrease
0.33
(1.40)
z_nuneracy_x__x_rash_increase
0.54
(2.17)
z_nuneracy_x__x_crime_increase
0.26
(1.08)
_constant
-0.96
(-4.70)
N = Outcome variable is “Correct” (0 = incorrect interpretation of data, 1 = correct interpretation). Predictor estimates are logit coefficients with z-test statistic indicated parenthetically. Experimental assignment predictors—rash_decrease, rash_increase, and crime_increase—are dummy variables (0 = unassigned, 1 = assigned—with assignment to “crime decreases” as the comparison condition. Z_numeracy and Conserv_Repub are centered at 0 for ease of interpretation. Bolded typeface indicates predictor coefficient is significant at p < 0.05.

16. Monte carlo simulations
Liberal Democrat (-1 SD on Conservrepub)
high numeracy = 7 correct
low numeracy = 3 correct
Conserv Republican (+1 SD on Conservrepub)
Low numeracy
High numeracy
rash increases
skin treatment
rash increases 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
crime increases
80%
90%
100%
crime decreases
Gun ban
crime increases
crime decreases 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
probabilility of correct interpretation of data
probabilility of correct interpretation of data

17. Monte carlo simulations
Liberal Democrat (-1 SD on Conservrepub)
high numeracy = 7 correct
low numeracy = 3 correct
Conserv Republican (+1 SD on Conservrepub)
Low numeracy
High numeracy
rash increases
skin treatment
rash increases 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
crime increases
80%
90%
100%
crime decreases
Gun ban
crime increases
crime decreases 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
probabilility of correct interpretation of data
probabilility of correct interpretation of data

18. Monte carlo simulations
Liberal Democrat (-1 SD on Conservrepub)
high numeracy = 7 correct
low numeracy = 3 correct
Conserv Republican (+1 SD on Conservrepub)
Low numeracy
High numeracy
rash increases
25%, ± 10
skin treatment
rash increases 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
crime increases
80%
90%
100%
crime decreases
Gun ban
crime increases
crime decreases 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
probabilility of correct interpretation of data
probabilility of correct interpretation of data

19. Monte carlo simulations
Liberal Democrat (-1 SD on Conservrepub)
high numeracy = 7 correct
low numeracy = 3 correct
Conserv Republican (+1 SD on Conservrepub)
Low numeracy
High numeracy
rash increases
rash increases
rash decreases
skin treatment
rash increases 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
crime increases
80%
90%
100%
crime decreases
crime increases
crime increases
crime decreases
crime decreases
Gun ban
crime increases
crime decreases 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
probabilility of correct interpretation of data
probabilility of correct interpretation of data

20. Monte carlo simulations
Liberal Democrat (-1 SD on Conservrepub)
high numeracy = 7 correct
low numeracy = 3 correct
Conserv Republican (+1 SD on Conservrepub)
Low numeracy
High numeracy
5%, ± 6
rash increases
rash increases
rash decreases
rash decreases
rash decreases
rash decrease
rash decreases
rash increases
rash increases
skin treatment 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
crime increases
80%
90%
100%
crime decreases
crime increases
crime increases
crime decreases
crime decreases
Gun ban
crime increases
crime decreases 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
probabilility of correct interpretation of data
probabilility of correct interpretation of data

21. Monte carlo simulations
Liberal Democrat (-1 SD on Conservrepub)
high numeracy = 7 correct
low numeracy = 3 correct
Conserv Republican (+1 SD on Conservrepub)
Low numeracy
High numeracy
rash increases
rash increases
rash decreases
rash decreases
rash decreases
rash decreases
rash decreases
rash increases
rash increases
skin treatment 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
crime increases
80%
90%
100%
crime decreases
crime increases
crime increases
crime decreases
crime decreases
Gun ban
crime increases
crime decreases 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
probabilility of correct interpretation of data
probabilility of correct interpretation of data

22. Monte carlo simulations
Liberal Democrat (-1 SD on Conservrepub)
high numeracy = 7 correct
low numeracy = 3 correct
Conserv Republican (+1 SD on Conservrepub)
Low numeracy
High numeracy
rash increases
rash increases
rash decreases
rash decreases
rash decreases
rash decreases
rash decreases
rash increases
rash increases
skin treatment 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
crime increases
80%
90%
100%
crime decreases
crime increases
crime increases
crime decreases
crime decreases
Gun ban
crime increases
crime decreases 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
probabilility of correct interpretation of data
probabilility of correct interpretation of data

23. Monte carlo simulations
Liberal Democrat (-1 SD on Conservrepub)
high numeracy = 7 correct
low numeracy = 3 correct
Conserv Republican (+1 SD on Conservrepub)
Low numeracy
High numeracy
rash increases
rash increases
rash decreases
rash decreases
rash decreases
rash decreases
rash decreases
rash increases
rash increases
skin treatment 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
crime increases
80%
90%
100%
crime decreases
crime increases
crime increases
crime increases
crime increases
crime increases
crime decreases
crime decreases
Gun ban
crime increases
crime increases
crime decreases 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
probabilility of correct interpretation of data
probabilility of correct interpretation of data

24. Monte carlo simulations
Liberal Democrat (-1 SD on Conservrepub)
high numeracy = 7 correct
low numeracy = 3 correct
Conserv Republican (+1 SD on Conservrepub)
Low numeracy
High numeracy
rash increases
rash increases
rash decreases
rash decreases
rash decreases
rash decreases
rash decreases
rash increases
rash increases
skin treatment 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
crime increases
80%
90%
100%
crime decreases
crime decreases
crime increases
crime increases
crime decreases
crime decreases
crime decreases
crime decreases
crime decreases
Gun ban
crime increases
crime decreases 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
probabilility of correct interpretation of data
probabilility of correct interpretation of data

25. Monte carlo simulations
Liberal Democrat (-1 SD on Conservrepub)
high numeracy = 7 correct
low numeracy = 3 correct
Conserv Republican (+1 SD on Conservrepub)
Low numeracy
High numeracy
rash increases
rash increases
rash decreases
rash decreases
rash decreases
rash decreases
rash decreases
rash increases
rash increases
skin treatment 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
crime increases
80%
90%
100%
crime decreases
crime decreases
crime increases
crime increases
crime increases
crime increases
crime increases
crime decreases
crime decreases
crime decreases
crime decreases
crime decreases
Gun ban
crime increases
crime increases
crime decreases 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
probabilility of correct interpretation of data
probabilility of correct interpretation of data

26. Monte carlo simulations
Liberal Democrat (-1 SD on Conservrepub)
high numeracy = 7 correct
low numeracy = 3 correct
Conserv Republican (+1 SD on Conservrepub)
Low numeracy
High numeracy
Avg. “polarization”
on crime data
for low numeracy
partisans
25% (± 9%)
Avg. “polarization”
on crime data
for high numeracy
partisans
46% (± 17%)
crime decreases
crime decreases
crime increases
crime increases
crime increases
crime increases
crime increases
crime decreases
crime decreases
crime decreases
crime decreases
crime decreases
Gun ban
crime increases
crime increases
crime decreases 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
probabilility of correct interpretation of data
probabilility of correct interpretation of data

27. Bounded rationality thesis

28. Bounded rationality thesis

29. Conservative Republican
BRT prediction:
There is “solid evidence” of recent global warming due “mostly” to “human activity such as burning fossil fuels.” [agree, disagree]
Liberal Democrat
Probability of “agree”
Conservative Republican
system 1
system 2
Critical reasoning disposition

30. Conservative Republican
Study findings:
There is “solid evidence” of recent global warming due “mostly” to “human activity such as burning fossil fuels.” [agree, disagree]
Liberal Democrat
Liberal Democrat
Probability of “agree”
Conservative Republican
Ordinary Science Intelligence (percentile)
colored bars denote 0.95 CIs.

31. Conservative Republican
Study findings:
There is “solid evidence” of recent global warming due “mostly” to “human activity such as burning fossil fuels.” [agree, disagree]
Liberal Democrat
Liberal Democrat
Probability of “agree”
Conservative Republican
Ordinary Science Intelligence (percentile)
colored bars denote 0.95 CIs.

32. Conservative Republican
Study findings:
There is “solid evidence” of recent global warming due “mostly” to “human activity such as burning fossil fuels.” [agree, disagree]
Liberal Democrat
Probability of “agree”
Conservative Republican
Ordinary Science Intelligence (percentile)
colored bars denote 0.95 CIs.

33. Conservative Republican
Study findings:
There is “solid evidence” of recent global warming due “mostly” to “human activity such as burning fossil fuels.” [agree, disagree]
Liberal Democrat
Probability of “agree”
Conservative Republican
Actively Open-minded Thinking
colored bars denote 0.95 CIs.

34. Conservative Republican
Study findings:
There is “solid evidence” of recent global warming due “mostly” to “human activity such as burning fossil fuels.” [agree, disagree]
Liberal Democrat
Probability of “agree”
Conservative Republican
Cognitive Reflection Test
brackets denote 0.95 CIs.

35. Monte carlo simulations
Liberal Democrat (-1 SD on Conservrepub)
high numeracy = 7 correct
low numeracy = 3 correct
Conserv Republican (+1 SD on Conservrepub)
Low numeracy
High numeracy
Avg. “polarization”
on crime data
for low numeracy
partisans
25% (± 9%)
Avg. “polarization”
on crime data
for high numeracy
partisans
46% (± 17%)
crime decreases
crime decreases
crime increases
crime increases
crime increases
crime increases
crime increases
crime decreases
crime decreases
crime decreases
crime decreases
crime decreases
Gun ban
crime increases
crime increases
crime decreases 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
probabilility of correct interpretation of data
probabilility of correct interpretation of data

36. Bounded rationality thesis

37. not too little rationality . . .

38. not too little rationality . . . but too much

39. Expressive Rationality Thesis (ERT)

40. not too little rationality . . . but too much

41. tragedy of the science communication commons

42. Two studies . . .

43. Two studies . . .

44. Two studies . . .

45. The science of science filmmaking

46. State of the art “Science Curiosity”
Test of Science Related Attitudes (TOSRA)
I am curious about the world in which we live
I find it boring to hear about new ideas
I would enjoy visiting a science museum at the weekend
I would like to be given a science book as a present
I get bored when watching science programs on TV

47. Performance measure of “science curiosity”

48. “Science Curiosity Scale” (SCS_1.0 )
(item response theory 2PL)
Science Curiosity scale (SCS)
Science Curiosity Scale (SCS)

49. Your Inner Fish
Mass Extinction: Life at the Brink
Darwin’s Dangerous Idea

50. Engagement Index (Z-score)
Mass Extinction
Engagement Index (Z-score)
Darwin’s Dangerous Idea
Your Inner Fish
Science curiosity scale (percentile)
Bars denote 0.95 level of confidence

51. Daily Hollywood Rundown

52. Engagement Index (z-score)
Mass Extinction
Engagement Index (z-score)
Darwin’s Dangerous Idea
Your Inner Fish
Science curiosity scale (percentile)
Bars denote 0.95 level of confidence

53. Engagement Index (z-score)
Mass Extinction
Engagement Index (z-score)
Darwin’s Dangerous Idea
Your Inner Fish
Daily Hollywood Rundown
Science curiosity scale (percentile)
Bars denote 0.95 level of confidence

54. WTF? #2: political polarization . . . .

55. Q. Are “curious” partisans more likely to examine surprising contrary evidence?

56. Q. Are “curious” partisans more likely to examine surprising contrary evidence?
1. Believer unsurprising vs. skeptical surprising
2. Believer surprising vs. skeptical unsurprising

57. Probability of selecting surprising skeptical vs
Probability of selecting surprising skeptical vs. unsurprising believer story
.25 .5
.75 1

58. below avg. Science curiosity
Probability of selecting surprising skeptical vs. unsurprising believer story
24% (± 18%)
Liberal Dem.
below avg. Science curiosity

59. above avg. Science curiosity below avg. Science curiosity
Probability of selecting surprising skeptical vs. unsurprising believer story
24% (± 18%)
68% (± 20%)
Liberal Dem.
above avg. Science curiosity
Liberal Dem.
below avg. Science curiosity

60. below avg. Science curiosity above avg. Science curiosity
Probability of selecting surprising believer vs. unsurprising skeptical story
.25 .5
.75 1
42% (± 13)
62% (± 12%)
Conser. Repub.
below avg. Science curiosity
Conser. Repub.
above avg. Science curiosity

61. Two studies . . .

62. Two studies . . .

63. Four propositions:
Identity-protective reasoning (including motivated System 2 reasoning) creates a “misinformation economy,” in which the public demand for group-affirming evidence can be profitably satisfied with misinformation.
Science curiosity negates IPR and MS2R.
Science curiosity—not “science literacy”—is the disposition most likely to promote good citizenship in a mature liberal democratic state.
The research program most likely to enlarge our understanding of curiosity and how to exploit it for civic gains will consist of the heavy use of field studies, in addition to lab ones.

64. Four propositions:
Identity-protective reasoning (including motivated System 2 reasoning) creates a “misinformation economy,” in which the public demand for group-affirming evidence can be profitably satisfied with misinformation.
Science curiosity negates IPR and MS2R.
Science curiosity—not “science literacy”—is the disposition most likely to promote good citizenship in a mature liberal democratic state.
The research program most likely to enlarge our understanding of curiosity and how to exploit it for civic gains will consist of the heavy use of field studies, in addition to lab ones.

65. Four propositions:
Identity-protective reasoning (including motivated System 2 reasoning) creates a “misinformation economy,” in which the public demand for group-affirming evidence can be profitably satisfied with misinformation.
Science curiosity negates IPR and MS2R.
Science curiosity—not “science literacy”—is the disposition most likely to promote good citizenship in a mature liberal democratic state.
The research program most likely to enlarge our understanding of curiosity and how to exploit it for civic gains will consist of the heavy use of field studies, in addition to lab ones.

66. Four propositions:
Identity-protective reasoning (including motivated System 2 reasoning) creates a “misinformation economy,” in which the public demand for group-affirming evidence can be profitably satisfied with misinformation.
Science curiosity negates IPR and MS2R.
Science curiosity—not “science literacy”—is the disposition most likely to promote good citizenship in a mature liberal democratic state.
The research program most likely to enlarge our understanding of curiosity and how to exploit it for civic gains will consist of the heavy use of field studies, in addition to lab ones.

67. Four propositions:
Identity-protective reasoning (including motivated System 2 reasoning) creates a “misinformation economy,” in which the public demand for group-affirming evidence can be profitably satisfied with misinformation.
Science curiosity negates IPR and MS2R.
Science curiosity—not “science literacy”—is the disposition most likely to promote good citizenship in a mature liberal democratic state.
The research program most likely to enlarge our understanding of curiosity and how to exploit it for civic gains will consist of the heavy use of field studies, in addition to lab ones.

68. Four propositions:
Identity-protective reasoning (including motivated System 2 reasoning) creates a “misinformation economy,” in which the public demand for group-affirming evidence can be profitably satisfied with misinformation.
Science curiosity negates IPR and MS2R.
Science curiosity—not “science literacy”—is the disposition most likely to promote good citizenship in a mature liberal democratic state.
The research program most likely to enlarge our understanding of curiosity and how to exploit it for civic gains will consist of the heavy use of field studies, in addition to lab ones.

69. Four propositions:
Identity-protective reasoning (including motivated System 2 reasoning) creates a “misinformation economy,” in which the public demand for group-affirming evidence can be profitably satisfied with misinformation.
Science curiosity negates IPR and MS2R.
Science curiosity—not “science literacy”—is the disposition most likely to promote good citizenship in a mature liberal democratic state.
The research program most likely to enlarge our understanding of curiosity and how to exploit it for civic gains will consist of the heavy use of field studies, in addition to lab ones.

70. The passive aggregator model: misinformation supply
Theories of misinformation and mass opinion formation
The passive aggregator model:
Culturally/Eco- nomically motivated
interest groups
misinformation supply
Credulous
Public

71. Monte carlo simulations
Liberal Democrat (-1 SD on Conservrepub)
high numeracy = 7 correct
low numeracy = 3 correct
Conserv Republican (+1 SD on Conservrepub)
Low numeracy
High numeracy
Avg. “polarization”
on crime data
for low numeracy
partisans
25% (± 9%)
Avg. “polarization”
on crime data
for high numeracy
partisans
46% (± 17%)
crime decreases
crime decreases
crime increases
crime increases
crime increases
crime increases
crime increases
crime decreases
crime decreases
crime decreases
crime decreases
crime decreases
Gun ban
crime increases
crime increases
crime decreases 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
probabilility of correct interpretation of data
probabilility of correct interpretation of data

73. Theories of misinformation and mass opinion formation
The passive aggregator model:
Culturally/Eco- nomically motivated
interest groups
misinformation supply
Credulous
Public
The motivated-public
model:
demand for information
Culturally
Motivated
Public
Opportunistic
Misinformers

74. Fake news . . .

75. Four propositions:
Identity-protective reasoning (including motivated System 2 reasoning) creates a “misinformation economy,” in which the public demand for group-affirming evidence can be profitably satisfied with misinformation.
Science curiosity negates IPR and MS2R.
Science curiosity—not “science literacy”—is the disposition most likely to promote good citizenship in a mature liberal democratic state.
The research program most likely to enlarge our understanding of curiosity and how to exploit it for civic gains will consist of the heavy use of field studies, in addition to lab ones.

76. Four propositions:
Identity-protective reasoning (including motivated System 2 reasoning) creates a “misinformation economy,” in which the public demand for group-affirming evidence can be profitably satisfied with misinformation.
Science curiosity negates IPR and MS2R.
Science curiosity—not “science literacy”—is the disposition most likely to promote good citizenship in a mature liberal democratic state.
The research program most likely to enlarge our understanding of curiosity and how to exploit it for civic gains will consist of the heavy use of field studies, in addition to lab ones.

77. Four propositions:
Identity-protective reasoning (including motivated System 2 reasoning) creates a “misinformation economy,” in which the public demand for group-affirming evidence can be profitably satisfied with misinformation.
Science curiosity negates IPR and MS2R.
Science curiosity—not “science literacy”—is the disposition most likely to promote good citizenship in a mature liberal democratic state.
The research program most likely to enlarge our understanding of curiosity and how to exploit it for civic gains will consist of the heavy use of field studies, in addition to lab ones.

78. Four propositions:
Identity-protective reasoning (including motivated System 2 reasoning) creates a “misinformation economy,” in which the public demand for group-affirming evidence can be profitably satisfied with misinformation.
Science curiosity negates IPR and MS2R.
Science curiosity—not “science literacy”—is the disposition most likely to promote good citizenship in a mature liberal democratic state.
The research program most likely to enlarge our understanding of curiosity and how to exploit it for civic gains will consist of the heavy use of field studies, in addition to lab ones.

79. Four propositions:
Identity-protective reasoning (including motivated System 2 reasoning) creates a “misinformation economy,” in which the public demand for group-affirming evidence can be profitably satisfied with misinformation.
Science curiosity negates IPR and MS2R.
Science curiosity—not “science literacy”—is the disposition most likely to promote good citizenship in a mature liberal democratic state.
The research program most likely to enlarge our understanding of curiosity and how to exploit it for civic gains will consist of the heavy use of field studies, in addition to lab ones.

80. Four propositions:
Identity-protective reasoning (including motivated System 2 reasoning) creates a “misinformation economy,” in which the public demand for group-affirming evidence can be profitably satisfied with misinformation.
Science curiosity negates IPR and MS2R.
Science curiosity—not “science literacy”—is the disposition most likely to promote good citizenship in a mature liberal democratic state.
The research program most likely to enlarge our understanding of curiosity and how to exploit it for civic gains will consist of the heavy use of field studies, in addition to lab ones.

81. Four propositions:
Identity-protective reasoning (including motivated System 2 reasoning) creates a “misinformation economy,” in which the public demand for group-affirming evidence can be profitably satisfied with misinformation.
Science curiosity negates IPR and MS2R.
Science curiosity—not “science literacy”—is the disposition most likely to promote good citizenship in a mature liberal democratic state.
The research program most likely to enlarge our understanding of curiosity and how to exploit it for civic gains will consist of the heavy use of field studies, in addition to lab ones.

82. Four propositions:
Identity-protective reasoning (including motivated System 2 reasoning) creates a “misinformation economy,” in which the public demand for group-affirming evidence can be profitably satisfied with misinformation.
Science curiosity negates IPR and MS2R.
Science curiosity—not “science literacy”—is the disposition most likely to promote good citizenship in a mature liberal democratic state.
The research program most likely to enlarge our understanding of curiosity and how to exploit it for civic gains will consist of the heavy use of field studies, in addition to lab ones.

84. Four propositions:
Identity-protective reasoning (including motivated System 2 reasoning) creates a “misinformation economy,” in which the public demand for group-affirming evidence can be profitably satisfied with misinformation.
Science curiosity negates IPR and MS2R.
Science curiosity—not “science literacy”—is the disposition most likely to promote good citizenship in a mature liberal democratic state.
The research program most likely to enlarge our understanding of curiosity and how to exploit it for civic gains will consist of the heavy use of field studies, in addition to lab ones.

85. Four propositions:
Identity-protective reasoning (including motivated System 2 reasoning) creates a “misinformation economy,” in which the public demand for group-affirming evidence can be profitably satisfied with misinformation.
Science curiosity negates IPR and MS2R.
Science curiosity—not “science literacy”—is the disposition most likely to promote good citizenship in a mature liberal democratic state.
The research program most likely to enlarge our understanding of curiosity and how to exploit it for civic gains will consist of the heavy use of field studies, in addition to lab ones.

86. Four propositions:
Identity-protective reasoning (including motivated System 2 reasoning) creates a “misinformation economy,” in which the public demand for group-affirming evidence can be profitably satisfied with misinformation.
Science curiosity negates IPR and MS2R.
Science curiosity—not “science literacy”—is the disposition most likely to promote good citizenship in a mature liberal democratic state.
The research program most likely to enlarge our understanding of curiosity and how to exploit it for civic gains will consist of the heavy use of field studies, in addition to lab ones.

87. Four propositions:
Identity-protective reasoning (including motivated System 2 reasoning) creates a “misinformation economy,” in which the public demand for group-affirming evidence can be profitably satisfied with misinformation.
Science curiosity negates IPR and MS2R.
Science curiosity—not “science literacy”—is the disposition most likely to promote good citizenship in a mature liberal democratic state.
The research program most likely to enlarge our understanding of curiosity and how to exploit it for civic gains will consist of the heavy use of field studies, in addition to lab ones.

88. Four propositions:
Identity-protective reasoning (including motivated System 2 reasoning) creates a “misinformation economy,” in which the public demand for group-affirming evidence can be profitably satisfied with misinformation.
Science curiosity negates IPR and MS2R.
Science curiosity—not “science literacy”—is the disposition most likely to promote good citizenship in a mature liberal democratic state.
The research program most likely to enlarge our understanding of curiosity and how to exploit it for civic gains will consist of the heavy use of field studies, in addition to lab ones.

89. Four propositions:
Identity-protective reasoning (including motivated System 2 reasoning) creates a “misinformation economy,” in which the public demand for group-affirming evidence can be profitably satisfied with misinformation.
Science curiosity negates IPR and MS2R.
Science curiosity—not “science literacy”—is the disposition most likely to promote good citizenship in a mature liberal democratic state.
The research program most likely to enlarge our understanding of curiosity and how to exploit it for civic gains will consist of the heavy use of field studies, in addition to lab ones.

91. Four propositions:
Identity-protective reasoning (including motivated System 2 reasoning) creates a “misinformation economy,” in which the public demand for group-affirming evidence can be profitably satisfied with misinformation.
Science curiosity negates IPR and MS2R.
Science curiosity—not “science literacy”—is the disposition most likely to promote good citizenship in a mature liberal democratic state.
The research program most likely to enlarge our understanding of curiosity and how to exploit it for civic gains will consist of the heavy use of field studies, in addition to lab ones.

92. www. culturalCognition.net
“I am you!”