1. Virsuses: Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome & Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

2. Outline Introductory Comments Origins of HIV
Virus versus bacteria
Examples of DNA and RNA containing viruses
How RNA containing viruses can replicate
Origins of HIV
Dr. Hahn and colleagues
Characteristics of HIV Particle
Glycoproteins
Viral genes
Laboratory Diagnostic Tests
PCR
Western Blot
ELISA
Part
Treatment
Transmission
Prevention

3. Bacteria versus Viruses

4. Note: These STDs are bacterial infections!
SYPHILIS
Bacterium: Treponema pallidum
GONORRHEA
Bacterium: Neisseria gonorrhoeae

5. Viruses
DNA containing
RNA containing

6. DNA containing viruses
Herpes virus
Small pox virus
Hepatitis B
adenovirus

7. RNA containing viruses
Hepatitis A and C
Rabies
Ebola
Measles
Mumps
Polio
HIV
Rabies virus
Measles on the back

8. RETROVIRAL REPLICATION

9. HIV

10. T lymphocyte in green and HIV in red

11. LYTIC STAGE

13. Budding of HIV from T lymphocyte

14. Co-Receptors Binds naturally occurring chemokines
CCR5 or CXCR4 (fusin)

15. HIV and helper T cells HOST CELLS: helper T lymphocyte, macrophages

16. HIV Glycoproteins Lipid Bilayer contains glycoproteins Gp 160 Gp 120

17. HIV: Structure and
mechanism of replication

18. HIV-1 PARTICLE

19. Dr. Beatrice Hahn & colleagues: Drs. Li and Keele

20. “Predominant Subtypes of Group M”
Africa
Americas
China (southeast)
Europe
India
Japan
Thailand
A;D;C B C E

21. Greater spot nose monkey
Red Cap Mangabey monkey
SIV cpz almost identical to HIV 1
Humans

22. Pan troglodytes troglodytes
Simian Virus (SIV cpz) almost identical to HIV 1

23. Sooty mangabey monkey
Simian Virus corresponds to HIV2

24. Mechanism of Infection
Infects Th cell
VIRAL RNA
Integrates into host DNA
“activated”
PROVIRAL DNA
LYTIC STAGE
storage
LYSOGENIC STAGE

25. The key HIV genes

26. ELISA LAB
We will now move to the ELISA lab but will return to review the principles of the ELISA as well as other HIV based clinical tests.

27. HIV Diagnostic Tests
Western Blot
PCR
Directly measures HIV

28. Polymerase Chain Reaction
Measures proviral DNA within the host DNA

29. Western Blot
Identifies HIV proteins
Protein ladder

30. (we have discussed this in lab) Indirect evidence of HIV exposure
HIV Diagnostic Tests
ELISA
(we have discussed this in lab)
Indirect evidence of HIV exposure

31. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay
(ELISA)
A diagnostic test for Antibodies to HIV
Antibodies

32. *Antibodies are proteins produced by our immune system that are directed against specific antigens. (Antibody interactions with antigens will also be discussed in our “immungenetics lecture”)

33. Antibodies
Antigens
Immune system
Non-self

34. Now apply these concepts to the diagnostic test known as ELISA to detect antibodies against HIV from a biologic fluid.

35. Do any of these individuals carry antibodies to HIV?

36. ELISA MICROTITER PLATES

38. The ELISA protocol sample Labelled 2nd Ab antigen3 2 1 4
Color inducing substrate

39. Results POSITIVE ANTI-HIV COLOR CHANGE NEGATIVE ANTI-HIV
NO COLOR CHANGE

42. FDA Approves Saliva OraQuick Rapid Test for HIV-1, HIV-2 Antibodies [March 29, 2004]
(similar test is also available for blood samples, see next slides).

43. 1 2
OraQuick Rapid Anti-HIV Blood Test
20 minute test
Cost app. $15.00 3