1. Presentation On Liquid Nitrogen as a Non-Polluting Fuel
Shubham Raghuvanshi
10ME001118

2. Introduction
In 1997, the liquid nitrogen powered vehicles was independently developed by University of North Texas (UNT) and University of Washington (UW).
The propulsion systems in these vehicles were cryogenic heat engines in which a cryogenic substance is used as a heat sink for heat engine.
 The vehicle (car) was named as LN2000.
It was a converted 1984 Grumman-Olson Kubvan mail delivery van.

3. What is Liquid Nitrogen Vehicle?
It is a vehicle which uses Cryogenic fluid(liquid nitrogen) as a working fluid.
Propulsion system is a cryogenic heat engine in which a cryogenic substance is used as a heat sink.
CRYOGENICS
Cryogenic can be defined as the branch of the physics that deals with the study of the production of very low temperature (below −150 °C, −238 °F or 123 K) and the behavior of materials at those temperatures.

4. A liquid nitrogen propelled car(LN2000)

5. Why Nitrogen as a Vehicle Fuel?
High cost and limited availability of fossil fuels like petrol and diesel.
Due to high level of pollution associated with the combustion of fossil fuels.
And the most important is the huge availability of Nitrogen gas(78% of air is nitrogen).

6. Cryogenic Heat Engine
It is a engine which uses very cold substances to produce useful energy.
There is always some heat input to the working fluid during the expansion process.

7. Liquid Nitrogen(LN2)
Liquid Nitrogen is the cheapest, widely produced and most common cryogen.
It is mass produced in air liquefaction plants
The liquefaction process is very simple.
Normal, atmospheric air is passed through dust precipitator and pre-cooled.

8. Nitrogen cycle showing the production of liquid nitrogen
Atmospheric
Air passes
Fractional
Distillation
Dust
Precipitator
Inter cooler
Nozzle
LN2
Insulated chamber
Expansion
Turbo
pumps
Dewar Flask
Nitrogen cycle showing the production of liquid nitrogen

9. It is then compressed inside large turbo pumps to about 100 atmospheres(10.13 MPa).
Once the air has been cooled to room temperature it is allowed to expand rapidly through a nozzle into an insulated chamber.
By running several cycles the temperature of the chamber becomes low enough. The air entering it starts to liquefy.
Liquid nitrogen is removed from the chamber by fractional distillation and is stored inside well-insulated Dewar flasks .

10. Major components of the Nitrogen powered car

11. Main Components of the Engine:
A pressurized tank(24 gallon) to store liquid nitrogen.
Pressurant bottles of N2 gas substitute for a pump. The gas pushes the liquid nitrogen out of the Dewar that serves as a fuel tank.
A primary heat exchanger that heats (using atmospheric heat) LN2 to form N2 gas, then heats gas under pressure to near atmospheric temperature.
An Expander to provide work to the drive shaft of the vehicle.
An economizer or a secondary heat exchanger, which preheats the liquid N2 coming out from the pressurized tank taking heat from the exhaust.

12. Setup position of various components of nitrogen powered car

13. Advantages over electric cars:
A liquid nitrogen car is much lighter and refilling its tank takes only about minutes.
The exhaust produced by the car is environmental friendly.
A cryogenic car could have three times the range of an electric car of the same weight and no battery disposal concerns .

14. Drawbacks:
The N2 passing through the tubes of the heat exchanger is so cold that the moisture in the surrounding air would condense on the outside of the tubes, obstructing the air flow.
Then there's the safety issue. Should a nitrogen car be kept in a poorly ventilated space and, if the Nitrogen leaks off, it could prove fatal.
Turning N2 gas into a liquid requires a lot of energy. So while cryogenic cars have zero emissions, they rely on energy produced at emission generating power plants.

15. Probable Solutions: A tube within a tube design.
N2 passes back and forth inside a set of three nested tubes.
By the time it reaches the outermost tubes, the N2 is warm enough that the exterior wall of the tube remains above the freezing point of water.
Route the exhaust from the fossil fuel power plants through cryogenic plants, so that the pollutants and the greenhouse gases could be condensed for later disposal

16. Efficiency:
The LN2 car can travel 79 miles( km) on a full 24 gallon(90 liter) tank of liquid nitrogen going 20 MPH.
Its maximum speed is over 35 MPH.

17. Why not commercialized?
Even though the technology is 10 to 12 years old, still it has not come to the market for two reasons.
Safety issues have not been sorted out as yet.
Lack of funds for research.

18. Conclusion:
In a real sense, the more such vehicles are used, the cleaner the air will become.
In addition to the environmental impact of these vehicles, refueling using current technology can take only a few minutes, which is very similar to current gas refueling times.
Extra research work is needed to utilize the most of the available energy

19. THANK YOU