1. Social Relations
Stereotype
Prejudice
Discrimination
People tend to not know the differences between these three terms, and/or use them interchangeably
How are they different? Can anyone summarize them?
Do these pictures help?

2. Social Relations
Stereotype: a belief that all members of a group share a common characteristic
Think of the term as “SET TYPE”
Stereotypes can be either positive or negative, but they usually have negative connotations
“Asians are smart” would be an example of a rare positive stereotype
What are some examples of common stereotypes you hear?
Coaches like to yell
White people can’t dance
Cops like donuts
Muslims are terrorists

3. American prejudice toward women and minorities has waned over time
Social Relations
Prejudice: preconceived judgments (usually negative and/or unjustifiable) toward a group and its members, often based on stereotypes
Think of the term as “PRE JUDGE”
Can be either explicit or implicit
Explicit Prejudice: conscious and overt
Often applies to political beliefs
Implicit Prejudice: unaware and subtle
Doll Experiment
Implicit Prejudice Through Pictures
Harvard Implicit Racism Test
When shown an ambiguous picture of a white man and black man shoving each other, the majority of white participants view the black man as the aggressor
American prejudice toward women and minorities has waned over time
43% of Americans admit to feeling prejudice toward Muslims (compared to only 15% for Jews and 14% for Buddhists)

4. Social Relations
Discrimination: preferential or disadvantageous behavior toward an individual or group, often based on prejudice/stereotype(s)
Think of the term as “discriminACTION"
More commonly negative than positive
To summarize…
Stereotypes are generalized beliefs
Prejudice is an attitude
Discrimination is a behavior
In a New Jersey turnpike study, blacks were 13.5% of car occupants, 15% of speeders, and 35% of the drivers pulled over
In some eastern and western African countries, over 80% of girls are forced to undergo female circumcision.

5. Social Relations
Are the following examples of stereotype, prejudice, or discrimination?
Hayley only flirts with the cute boys in class
Mike thinks, “all blonde girls are pretty dumb”
Pierre doesn’t like old teachers
Pierre drops classes with any old teachers
David thinks, “all black kids are good basketball”
Troy bullies the small kids in class
Daryl is racist, but doesn’t act on his beliefs
Gretta the cat hides when strangers enter the condo
Suzanna believes all boys are jerks
Stereotype
Prejudice
Discrimination

6. Related Research
Ethnocentrism: judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one’s own culture
Tendency to view your “reality” as what should be normal for all
If you think these ideas are weird, you’re being ethnocentric:
Eating dog for dinner (China)
Free access to health care (U.K.)
Not eating with your left hand (India)
Leads to ingroup bias: favoring one’s own group over outsiders

7. Related Research
Scapegoat Theory: prejudice provides an outlet for anger when ingroup members blame a specific target for their problems
Historical example: Nazi Germany blaming Jews for country’s issues
Present American examples:
Older generation blaming younger generation for downfall of the country
Lashing out at Muslims following 9/11
Teachers blaming students for school’s low test scores

8. Related Research
Just-World Phenomenon: the cognitive bias that the world is just and people get what they deserve
Basically means that you are completely responsible for your life
Poor = lazy; rich = hard-working
Can lead to “blaming the victim”
For example, if a woman is sexually assaulted after wearing a short skirt:
“She should have known better.”
“What did she expect to happen?”
“What terrible criminals these men must have been to receive such treatment.” – a visitor to a concentration camp after WW2

9. Related Research
Other-Race Effect: the tendency to more easily recognize members of one’s own race
Generally more applicable to facial analysis
When we see a face of our own race, we analyze the entire face (known as holistic processing), but when we see a face of a different race, we analyze the individual features (known as featural processing)
Based on a study where witnesses identified 65% of defendants of their own race but only 45% of defendants who were a different race