1. Normalization (Chapter 2)
Peter Rob and Elie Semaan Databases: Design, Development, and Deployment Using Microsoft Access
Second Edition

2. Dependencies
All key attributes must be dependent on the Primary Key (PK)
If the PK is a composite PK and an attribute is dependent on only a part of the composite PK, a partial dependency exists
If an attribute is dependent on a non-key attribute, it exhibits a transitive dependency

3. The Dependency Diagram
EMP_NUM
EMP_LNAME
EMP_FNAME
EMP_DOB
PK is bold-faced and underlined (shown in orange)
Single-attribute PK (simple PK)
All employee attributes are dependent on the PK

4. Partial Dependency PROJ_CODE EMP_NUM PROJ_NAME HRS_WORKED
PK components are bold-faced and underlined
Multi-attribute PK (composite PK)
All work assignment attributes are dependent on the PK
But the PROJ_CODE, which is only a part of the PK,
determines the PROJ_NAME (or the PROJ_NAME is
dependent on the PROJ_CODE)

5. Transitive Dependency
STU_NUM
STU_LNAME
DEPT_CODE
DEPT_NAME
Transitive dependency
PK is bold-faced and underlined
Single-attribute PK (simple PK)
All student attributes are dependent on the PK
But DEPT_CODE determines DEPT_NAME (or DEPT_NAME is dependent on DEPT_CODE, a non-key attribute

6. The First Normal Form (1NF)
All key attributes are defined
Each row/column intersection contains one and only one value, rather than a set of values
All attributes are dependent on the primary key (PK)

7. Transitive dependency
First Normal Form (1NF)
INV_NUM
LINE_NUM
PROD_CODE
PROD_TITLE
CUS_NUM
LINE_UNITS
Transitive dependency
Partial dependency

8. The Second Normal Form (2NF)
Meets 1NF requirements
Does not contain partial dependencies
But does contain transitive dependencies

9. Normalization: Initial Decomposition
1. Identify each PK attribute in the 1NF dependency diagram.
In this case, INV_NUM and LINE_NUM constituted the PK.
INV_NUM
2. Write each PK attribute on a separate line
LINE_NUM
3. Write the original PK on the final line
INV_NUM
LINE_NUM

10. Normalization: Creating New Structures
INV_NUM
CUS_NUM
Table in 3NF; no partial or transitive dependencies
LINE_NUM
No dependencies, no table
Table is in 2NF, with a remaining transitive dependency
INV_NUM
LINE_NUM
PROD_CODE
PROD_TITLE
LINE_UNITS
Transitive dependency

11. The Third Normal Form (3NF)
Meets 2NF requirements
Does not contain transitive dependencies

12. Normalization: Completed 3NF Structures
Table name: INVOICE
INV_NUM
CUS_NUM
3NF; no partial or transitive dependencies
Table name: PRODUCT
PROD_CODE
PROD_TITLE
3NF; no partial or transitive dependencies
Table name: LINE
3NF; no partial or transitive
dependencies
INV_NUM
LINE_NUM
PROD_CODE
LINE_UNITS

13. The Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
Meets 3NF requirements
Every determinant in the table is a candidate key

14. Normalization: Boyce-Codd NF
Panel 1
A B C D E F G
3NF, but not BCNF
Panel 2
A E C D B F G
Conversion to 2NF
Partial dependency
Panel 3
A E C D F G
E B
3NF and BCNF

15. The END