1. Thinking, Language and Concepts

2. mental image concept formal concept natural concept prototype

3. Kosslyn et. al. (1978) scanning of mental images

4. Wohlschlager & Wohlschlager (1998)—Two these threes are backward
Wohlschlager & Wohlschlager (1998)—Two these threes are backward. Which ones?

6. Decision-Making Strategies Single-feature model Additive model Elimination by aspects model Availability heuristic—readily available Representativeness heuristic—prototype

7. In another study, subjects were asked, “If a random word is taken from an English text, is it more likely that the word starts with a K, or that K is the third letter?” Most English-speaking people could immediately think of many words that begin with the letter "K" (kangaroo, kitchen, kale), but it would take a more concentrated effort to think of any words where "K" is the third letter (acknowledge). Results indicated that participants overestimated the number of words that began with the letter “K”, but underestimated the number of words that had “K” as the third letter. Researchers concluded that people answer questions like these by comparing the availability of the two categories and assessing how easily they can recall these instances. In other words, it is easier to think of words that begin with "K", than words with "K" as the third letter. Thus, people judge words beginning with a "K" to be a more common occurrence. In reality, however, a typical text contains twice as many words that have "K" as the third letter than "K" as the first letter. Additionally, there are three times as many words that have the letter "K" in the third position, as have it in the first position.[1]
Tversky, A; Kahneman (1973). "Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability". Cognitive Psychology 5 (1): 207–233. doi: / (73)

8. Problem-Solving Strategies
Trial and error
Algorithm
Heuristic
availability
representativeness
Insight
Intuition
Functional fixedness
Mental set

9. Belief-bias effect—accept and reject or ignore
Confirmation bias—actively search
Fallacy of positive instances—remember
Overestimation effect—overestimate the rarity
Why does the human brain do this? Which of these is most problematic?

10. Sheena Iyengar on the art of choosing | Video on TED. com: http://www
Dan Gilbert on our mistaken expectations | Video on TED.com:
Dan Ariely asks, Are we in control of our own decisions? | Video on TED.com:
Barry Schwartz on the paradox of choice | Video on TED.com:

11. Language
Symbolic
Arbitrary
Shared
Structured and rule governed—syntax
Creative and generative
Allows for displacement
Does language influence thought, or does thought influence language?
Reinforces or minimizes stereotypes
Pronoun usage
Masculine and feminine prescriptions
Sapir-Whorf linguistic relativity hypothesis
Do animals have language? How is it similar and different from ours?
Bonobo chimpanzee (Matata), infant son (Kanzi)

12. Measuring Intelligence—Can you measure intelligence?
Alfred Binet-mental age
Lewis Terman—IQ (mental age/actual age X 100)
Army Alpha (written) and Army Beta (oral) test
David Wechsler—WAIS, WISC
Achievement test and aptitude test
Standardization—norms, normal curve/distribution, reliability, validity
Nature of Intelligence—Can you operationally define intelligence?
Spearman—g factor
Thurstone—pattern of seven mental abilities
Gardner—multiple intelligences
Sternberg—triarchic theory (analytic, creative, practical)
With which theorist/theory do you most agree? Why?
Is intelligence nature or nurture informed?

14. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

15. McGue et. al, 1993
Is intelligence more nature or nurture informed?

16. The Effects of Stereotype Threat on the Standardized Test Performance of College Students, J. Aronson, C.M. Steele, M.F. Salinas, M.J. Lustina - Readings About the Social Animal, 8th edition, E. Aronson