1. Carbon Compounds
Chapter 2, Section 3 pp

2. Carbon Compounds What does it mean to be organic?
Organic compounds - compounds containing CARBON
Carbon atoms contain 4 valence electrons
Valence – electrons in the outer energy level of the atom
Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms
Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons

3. Large Carbon Compounds with Analogy (in this analogy assume that the ATOMS are similar to LETTERS)
Monomers are simple carbon molecules
“mono” = one (Ex. one word)
Polymers are molecules made of many monomers (monomer + monomer = polymer)
“poly” = many (Ex. a sentence)
Macromolecules are made of many polymers (polymer + polymer = macromolecule)
“macro” = large (Ex. a paragraph)

4. How do Monomers link to form Polymers???
Dehydration Synthesis Reactions (also called condensation reactions)
Dehydration = to lose water
Synthesis = to put together
chemical reaction in which two monomers are linked together and a molecule of water is lost
one monomer donates a hydroxyl (OH-) and the other monomer donates a hydrogen (H+) forming water (H2O)

7. How do polymers break down into monomers???
Hydrolysis reactions
Hydro – water
Lysis – to break apart
The bond between two monomers is broken & a molecule of water breaks down
One monomer receives an (OH) and the other receives an (H)
This is the reverse of a dehydration synthesis reaction.

8. Hydrolysis

9. Organic Compounds
There are 4 main classes of organic compounds which are essential to the life processes of all living things.
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

10. 1. Proteins Elements: C, H, O, N
Used to build body structures – muscles, hair, skin, etc.
Most enzymes are proteins as well
Monomer = Amino Acids (20 kinds)

11. Amino Acid Structure
Each amino acid includes 1 central carbon with 4 things attached:
1 carboxyl group (-COOH)
An amino group (-NH2)
An “R” group –functional group that determines the difference between Amino Acids.
A Hydrogen atom

12. Proteins Proteins are made of chains of amino acids linked together
Dipeptides – 2 Amino Acids
Polypeptides- many Amino Acids
Enzymes = polypeptides
Stop here to complete the protein section of the molecular modeling activity.

13. II. Lipids (Fats) Elements: C, H (in high ratio) & O
NOT water soluble (do NOT dissolve in water)
Monomer = 1 glycerol + fatty acids
Used to store excess energy
Important part in cell membranes and waterproof coverings
Ex. Fats, oils, waxes
Fatty acids
Complex Lipids

14. Complex Lipids 1 fatty acid + a glycerol molecule = a wax
2 fatty acids + a glycerol molecule =phospholipid
(which makes up the cell membrane)
3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol molecule = a triglyceride

15. III. Carbohydrates Elements: C, H, O in 1:2:1 ratio (double hydrogen)
Main fuel provider and energy source of living things, used for structures in cells
Exists in 2 forms: (ring formation common)
Monosaccharides –monomer of carbs like sugars
Polysaccharides- polymer of carbs

16. Polysaccharides 2. Cellulose (in plants)
Polymer made of 3 or more monosaccharides
Ex. 1. Glycogen (animal starch)
Glycogen is broken down & excess sugar is released from liver when your blood sugar runs low
2. Cellulose (in plants)
Tough, flexible (found in cell wall)  gives plants rigidity & strength.
Stop to complete carbohydrate section of molecular modeling activity.

17. IV. Nucleic Acids Elements : C, H, O, N, P Monomer = Nucleotide
made of 3 components
1. phosphate group
2. 5-carbon sugar
3. Nitrogen base
Store important information for the cell
Ex. DNA  cellular information
RNA  stores/transfers
information to make proteins