1. How did the French Revolution affect the politics of the time?
Chapter 9, Sections 3 and 4.
How did the French Revolution affect the politics of the time?

2. At age 24, the Committee of Public Safety made Napoleon Bonaparte a brigadier general. In 1796 he became commander of the French armies in Italy.
Napoleon's energy and initiative earned him the devotion of his troops. Campaigns in Italy made him a hero.

3. In Paris, Napoleon took part in the coup d'état that formed a new French government.
In theory, it was a republic, but, in fact, Napoleon held absolute power. He ended up crowning himself Emperor Napoleon I.

4. The Napoleonic Code, introduced in 1804, preserved many of the principles that the revolutionaries had fought for. But the Civil Code undid laws protecting women.

5. Napoleon's Grand Army defeated the Austrian, Prussian, and Russian armies.
The spread of French revolutionary principles was an important factor in the development of liberal traditions in these countries.

6. Napoleon was never able to conquer Great Britain because of its sea power, which made it almost invulnerable.
His Continental System failed, and nationalism also worked against him.

7. Nationalism: the unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols.

8. At a meeting of European powers in Vienna, Austrian foreign minister, Prince Klemens von Metternich expressed the philosophy of Conservatism.
Conservatives favored obedience to political authority, and hated the revolutions taking place in Europe.

9. The great powers adopted a principle of intervention: they had the right to send armies into countries in order to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones.

10. Liberalism is a political philosophy that grew out of the Enlightenment. It held that people should be as free as possible from government restraint.
Liberals believed that freedoms should be guaranteed by a document such as the American Bill of Rights, and favored a government ruled by a constitution.

11. Nationalism: the unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols.
Nationalism did not become a popular force for change until the French Revolution. It was a threat to the existing order.