1. The Great Depression and the New Deal (1928-1941)
Lesson 3 Two Presidents Respond

2. The Great Depression and the New Deal (1928-1941)
Lesson 3 Two Presidents Respond
Learning Objectives
Evaluate Hoover’s approaches to resolving the Great Depression and how Americans reacted to them.
Contrast Hoover’s approach to the economic crisis with Franklin D. Roosevelt’s approach.
Describe the programs that were part of the first New Deal and their immediate effect on Americans’ lives.
Identify the New Deal’s opponents and their major criticisms.

3. The Great Depression and the New Deal (1928-1941)
Lesson 3 Two Presidents Respond
Key Terms
localism
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
trickle-down economics
Hoover Dam
Bonus Army
Douglas MacArthur
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Eleanor Roosevelt
“New Deal
fireside chats
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
Public Works Administration (PWA)
Charles Coughlin
Huey Long

4. Hoover’s Response Fails
From big cities to farms and small towns, the Great Depression spread misery far and wide across America. The unemployed and the homeless crowded into shantytowns. Giant dust storms swallowed the Great Plains. As the crisis deepened, Herbert Hoover struggled to respond to the nation’s problems. In 1932, as a result of Hoover’s cautious and failed response, Americans would turn to a new leader who called for increased government intervention to try to stop the depression.

5. Hoover’s Response Fails
Relying on Volunteerism
Voluntary Cooperation Fails
Hoover Reverses Course

6. Hoover’s Response Fails
Two young residents of a shantytown in Washington, D.C. Determine Point of View What do the signs in the photo tell you about how the poor perceived the government’s role in the economic crisis?

7. Hoover’s Response Fails
Analyze Charts Supply-side or 'trickle-down' economics is a theory that plays out differently based on economic circumstances. In theory, how would “trickle-down economics” generate economic growth?

8. Challenging Economic Times Lead to Protest
From the Oval Office, Hoover worked hard to end the depression. But to many out-of-work Americans, the President became a symbol of failure. Some people blamed capitalism, while others questioned the responsiveness of democracy. Many believed the American system was due for an overhaul.

9. Challenging Economic Times Lead to Protest
Calls for Radical Change
The Bonus Army Marches on Washington
The Protests End Badly

10. Challenging Economic Times Lead to Protest
On huge collective farms like this one in the Soviet Union, the government owned the land, the equipment, the housing, and the crops produced, and controlled the labor force.

11. Americans Turn to Roosevelt
In 1928, Herbert Hoover had almost no chance of losing his bid for the presidency. In 1932 however, he had almost no chance of winning reelection. With unemployment nearing 25 percent, people’s savings wiped out by bank failures, long lines at soup kitchens, stomachs grumbling from hunger, and the number of homeless increasing every day, the depression had taken its toll. Most Americans felt that their President had failed completely, and they were ready for a change. In July of 1932, the governor of New York, Franklin D. Roosevelt accepted the Democratic Party’s nomination for President.

12. Americans Turn to Roosevelt
Political Success and Personal Challenge
Roosevelt Becomes President
Forming the Brain Trust

13. Americans Turn to Roosevelt
During his campaign, Franklin D. Roosevelt met repeatedly with struggling Americans. Infer Why did Roosevelt make personal visits to impoverished areas in the run-up to the 1932 election?

14. Americans Turn to Roosevelt
Analyze Maps Why is an election such as the 1932 Presidential election referred to as a 'landslide victory'?

15. The New Deal Begins
During his first hundred days in office, which became known as the Hundred Days, Roosevelt proposed and Congress passed 15 major bills. These measures had three goals: relief, recovery, and reform. Roosevelt wanted to provide relief from the immediate hardships of the depression and achieve a long-term economic recovery. He also instituted reforms to prevent future depressions.

16. The New Deal Begins Restoring the Nation’s Confidence
Reforming the Financial System
Reforming Agriculture
Creating the TVA
Relief and Recovery

17. The New Deal Begins
President Roosevelt talked directly to the American public through his “fireside” radio broadcasts. He used these broadcasts as an opportunity to calm the fears of the American people.

18. The New Deal Begins
Analyze Maps Use the map and the text to describe specifically the number and nature of TVA projects, what states benefited, and how they benefited.

19. Critics of the New Deal
While Roosevelt had little difficulty gaining support from Congress for his proposals, a minority of Americans expressed their opposition to the New Deal. Critics on the political right thought the changes the New Deal brought were too radical. Critics on the left thought that they were not radical enough. Several of FDR’s critics attracted mass followings and made plans to challenge him for the presidency in 1936.

20. Critics of the New Deal Too Much or Not Enough?
Populist Critics Gain a Following

21. Critics of the New Deal
Analyze Political Cartoons Cite evidence from the cartoon that supports the conclusion that New Deal programs had negative effects on the American public.

22. Quiz: Hoover’s Response Fails
What was one reason that money funneled through the Reconstruction Finance Corporation didn't get to the people who needed it?
A. It was used up by local and state governments.
B. The money was wasted on loans to struggling businesses.
C. Businesses did not use the money they borrowed to hire more workers.
D. The money was sunk into massive and wasteful public works projects, like the Boulder Dam.

23. Quiz: Challenging Economic Times Lead to Protest
Why did the Bonus Army march on Washington, D.C., in 1932?
A. to protest the lack of quality healthcare for veterans
B. to demand the early payment of an anticipated bonus
C. to protest the socialist leanings of new reform initiatives
D. to demand greater compensation for their military service

24. Quiz: Americans Turn to Roosevelt
How did President Roosevelt’s treatment of the Bonus Army differ from Hoover’s approach?
A. He agreed to the marchers’ demands instead of ignoring them.
B. He took action by ordering the use of force rather than indifference.
C. He confirmed that the government did not respect the marchers’ concerns.
D. He showed that the government cared and sympathized with the marchers.

25. Quiz: The New Deal Begins
How did President Roosevelt’s first fireside chats affect Americans?
A. They helped mobilize volunteers.
B. They helped restore trust in the banking system.
C. They encouraged people to boycott specific banks.
D. They instructed people to withdraw their funds from banks.

26. Quiz: Critics of the New Deal
Which democratic principle did the American Liberty League accuse President Roosevelt of abandoning?
A. freedom of speech
B. checks and balances
C. limited federal government
D. free political self-determination