1. World War I

2. Why was World War I a critical development in global history?
The first large-scale industrial war
Colonies dragged into conflict
Enormous costs (financial & human resources)
USA taken more seriously on world stage
Revolution in Russia  Soviet Union (try Communism)

3. Why was World War I a critical development in global history?
Japan a greater imperial power in Asia
Old Empires collapse (ex. Ottoman Empire)
Middle East in hands of Europeans (Epic Fail!)
Jews promised land in Middle East

4. Why was World War I a critical development in global history?
Colonies see European weaknesses
Strengthened nationalist movements in colonies (want self-determination)

5. Why was World War I a critical development in global history?
Groundwork for further turmoil in Europe
Paris Peace Conference, 1919 (Epic Fail!)
League of Nations (Epic Fail!)
Totalitarian regimes in Germany & Italy – WANT REVENGE! (Epic Fail!)

6. Causes of World War I
M.A.N.I.A. swept through Europe!

7. M. ilitarism needed larger militaries to protect empires
European countries compete  arms race!
ex. Germany vs. Britain
dreadnoughts
conscription
u-boats
war glorified

8. A. lliances
Complex alliance systems developed during 1800s – early 1900s for mutual protection
Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia, Italy (formerly a Central Power)
Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

11. N. ationalism Competition & antagonism between nations
Intense nationalistic passions of European nations  clash with other nations’ interests
Examples:
Pan-Slavism of the Balkans  hold off threats by Austria-Hungary & Ottoman Empire
Fears of growing German strength
Russia sees self as protector of all Slavic peoples

12. I. mperialism Industry drives colonial land-grabbing
European nations competed for colonies
= $$$ and Prestige!
Arguments over control of:
Africa
Asia
The Balkans

14. A. ssassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Balkans = “powder keg of Europe”:
ethnic rivalries between people of Balkans
major rival powers have different interests there
Serbian terrorist organization assassinated heir to throne of Austria-Hungary
Powder keg explodes!

16. A New Kind of War Total War: 2 Fronts: Sea:
Nationalism bound civilians
Winning = PRIDE
2 Fronts:
Eastern (Russia v. Ger/Aus)
Western (Germany v. Br/Fr)
Sea:
German blockade of British ports & attacks on supply lines

18. A New Kind of War Trench warfare stalemate Industrial warfare Tanks
Airplanes
Submarines
Machine guns
Chemical weapons

20. A New Kind of War Non-Europeans Participate:
U.S. Neutral at first – Unrestricted Submarine Warfare by Germany pulls U.S. in
Territorial dominions sent forces to several fronts
Skirmishes fought around colonies in Africa
Indian nationalists hoped support would equal independence
Japan has imperialistic motives

21. High Costs of War

22. High Costs of War Massive casualties for minimal gains
Death
Injuries
Destruction
Debt
NO ONE MADE ANY SIGNIFICANT GAINS
How do you determine a winner in that scenario?

23. High Costs of War- Human
Of the 65 million men who fought:
8 million killed in battle
2 million died of illness & disease
21.2 million wounded
7.8 million POW or MIA
Some towns and villages lost every single one of their male members of fighting age
Civilian losses- 6.8 million

24. High Costs of War- Financial
European economy destroyed
Industry damaged- in some cases ruined
High death toll = loss of skilled tradesmen
Loss of skilled tradesmen = no one to repair infrastructure

25. High Costs of War- After Cost
Disabled soldiers need care
Homes, factories, infrastructure need rebuilding
Cemeteries need to be built
Bodies need to be removed from shallow graves at trenches
Europe is “marked”

26. Paris Peace Conference
January Versailles
Delegates from 23 countries
BIG FOUR
Not represented- Russia, Germany, or their allies

27. Treaty of Versailles
Establishes League of Nations
Punishes Germany

28. War Guilt Clause (Article 231)
Sole responsibility for war on Germany
Reparations
Loss of territories

29. Creation of New Nations
Western powers sign separate treaties with Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire
HUGE land losses for Central Powers
Map redrawn (next slide)

31. NOT a Lasting Peace U.S. rejected Treaty of Versailles
Treatment of Germany = Very hard feelings
Africa & Asia angry
Japan & Italy not satisfied
We are set up for future conflict….