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Education 173 Cognition and Learning in Educational Settings Behaviorism Michael E. Martinez University of California, Irvine Fall Quarter 2007.

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Presentation on theme: "Education 173 Cognition and Learning in Educational Settings Behaviorism Michael E. Martinez University of California, Irvine Fall Quarter 2007."— Presentation transcript:

1 Education 173 Cognition and Learning in Educational Settings Behaviorism Michael E. Martinez University of California, Irvine Fall Quarter 2007

2 What is Learning? Two Answers.
A Change in Behavior Or the capacity to behave That is relatively enduring And not primarily developmental. —or— A Change in the Mind Manifest as a new information-processing capability That is presumably stored the brain And inferred from behavior.

3 What is Behaviorism? The theory that human or animal activity can be understood through studying behavior alone, without reference to “mental” qualities, such as knowledge, desires, or goals. Two Kinds of Behaviorism Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning

4 Pavlov: Classical Conditioning
Conditioning Means Learning (in Behaviorism) Classical Conditioning is Stimulus Substitution Unconditioned Stimulus (food) produces an Unconditioned Response (salivation) Conditioned Stimulus (bell) produces a Conditioned Response (salivation) Stimulus Generalization (to other similar bells) Stimulus Discrimination (but not all bells) Classical Conditioning Explains Only Simple Behavior, Such as Emotional Reactions

5 John B. Watson Pushed Behaviorism as the Only Legitimate Form of Psychology circa 1920 Little Albert Learned to fear a white rat when paired with a loud noise His fear generalized to a rabbit, dog, and fur coat Watson Believed Strongly in the Effects of Experience (Nurture) on Development “Give me a dozen healthy infants” Watson Inspired Skinner

6 Edward L. Thorndike Another Behaviorist
One of the First Educational Psychologists Believed in the Advancement of Education and Psychology Through Scientific Research

7 Thorndike’s Experiment
Trial and Error Learning Puzzle box: Can the cat escape? Yes, but only by accident (at first) Thorndike’s Law of Effect A behavior is more likely to recur if followed by a “satisfying state of affairs” Thorndike’s Cat’s Behavior was More Sophisticated than Pavlov’s Dogs’

8 B. F. Skinner Introduced A Different Paradigm
Not classical conditioning But similar to Thorndike’s theory Operant Conditioning Is Intended to Explain All Behavior, Including Complex Behavior All behavior is the product of reinforcement histories What did you do today? Operants are emitted behaviors, some of which are reinforced

9 More Skinner Not Welcome: Mental Talk
Such as think, believe, plan, goal, feeling Behavior is Determined, Not Chosen Therefore, freedom is an illusion So is dignity (virtue) If behavior is programmed, then why not try to create a Utopian society? Walden II Skinner’s Theory had an Enduring Impact On Education On Child-Rearing

10 Operant Conditioning in Schools
Encouraging Good Behavior Stickers Smiley Faces Praise Aren’t these reinforcements at least partly manipulative? (means to an end) Discouraging Bad Behavior Extinction: “Just ignore him” Withholding reinforcement

11 Reinforcement and Punishment
Reinforcement Increases the Likelihood that Behavior Will Be Repeated Reinforcement is identified only by its effects Want a hamburger? A hug? Punishment Decreases Likelihood Positive and Negative Refer to Adding or Subtracting a Consequence What is negative reinforcement?

12 Reinforcement Schedules
Continuous Reinforcement is Best for Starting a New Behavior Reinforce every time the behavior occurs Variable Ratio Reinforcement is Best for Making Behavior Robust Resistant to extinction once reinforcement is withdrawn Slot machines, fishing For education: Don’t reward every time

13 Complex Behavior Use Successive Approximations (Shaping)
Gradually raise expectations Widely Used in Animal Training Whales and dolphins in Sea World For Humans: Behavior Modification Reinforcement, M&Ms, token economies Sometimes useful with behavior disorders Can Reinforcement Backfire? Magic Markers and the Good Player Award Be careful if intrinsic motivation is already present

14 One Application to Education: Programmed Learning
Skinner’s “Teaching Machines” Machine “tutors” helped shape the learner Used a program of small steps Now obsolete Computer-Assisted Instruction Many more capabilities now, of course Sometimes computers present material in a Skinnerian format

15 What’s Wrong With Behaviorism?
Noam Chomsky’s Critique of Skinner’s Book, “Verbal Behavior” Language can’t be learned only through reinforcement The brain must be a built-in (innate) language capability Donald Norman’s Critique of Skinner’s Work Was operant conditioning a half-century distraction?

16 Why Use a Cognitive (Thinking) Approach?
Behaviorism Does Not Address All the Important Goals of Education It Neglects Important Learning Outcomes Understanding, Interest, Curiosity, Confidence It Neglects Certain Aspects of the Learner Beliefs, Motivation, Values, Goals It’s Best to Investigate the Mind as a Real Entity, Not Treat it as an Illusion Is There a Metaphor We Can Use?

17

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