1. Social Power IUC 31Oct.-2Nov.

2. "Power is defined as a possibility to influence others."
We can differentiate between (game theory):
outcome power – the ability of an actor to bring about or help bring about outcomes;
social power – the ability of an actor to change the incentive structures of other actors in order to bring about outcomes.
To put it simply, we found the essence of power in a capacity-to-produce-effects.

3. According to French and Raven (1959), and later Raven (1974), there are six bases of social power:
Legitimate – This comes from the belief that a person has the formal right to make demands, and to expect others to be compliant and obedient.
Reward – This results from one person's ability to compensate another for compliance.
Expert – This is based on a person's high levels of skill and knowledge.
Referent – This is the result of a person's perceived attractiveness, worthiness and right to others' respect.
Coercive – This comes from the belief that a person can punish others for noncompliance.
Six years later, Raven added an extra power base:
Informational – This results from a person's ability to control the information that others need to accomplish something.
By understanding these different forms of power, one can learn to use the positive ones to full effect, while avoiding the negative power bases that managers can instinctively rely on.

4. SOME FORMS OF SOCIAL POWER
. Economic power
Industrial or productive power to control production, resources and labor
Financial power to buy or control things with money or credit
Market power to influence consumption, production, prices, wages or other market conditions.
Governmental power
Legislative power to make the rules governing the acquisition, distribution and use of social power
Police power to enforce laws or the interests of powerholders
Judicial power to make judgments about the use and balance of social power
Regulatory power to supervise economic and political activities
Bureaucratic power to enable or resist the implementation of policies
Physical power
Physical force, violence and the threat of violence to coerce the behavior of others
Political power
Organizational power to coordinate the actions of many people
Propaganda power to influence public opinion, motivation and experience of reality
Media power
Media power to influence or control information and communication and people's ability to give and receive them
Knowledge power
Knowledge to comprehend circumstances, to predict and plan, and to create effects - particularly by knowing how to use other forms of power

5. Knowledge power
Knowledge to comprehend circumstances, to predict and plan, and to create effects - particularly by knowing how to use other forms of power
Personal power
Leadership to motivate and coordinate other people
Persuasion to mobilize people's awareness and opinions
Energy and initiative to begin and carry out activities
Intelligence to comprehend meaning and solve problems
Technical skill to manipulate physical resources and barriers
Love to encourage people to drop their defenses, to respond and grow
Integrity to inspire reciprocal honesty, loyalty and support
Ambition to motivate the accumulation and use of social power
Strategic and tactical skill to create and utilize situations to best advantage
Inspirational ability to motivate people and bring out their best
Situational power
Security to give bargaining power & freedom to maneuver
Advantageous position from which to use other forms of power
Invisibility and secrecy to limit others' ability to interfere
Cultural and institutional power (can be used but not possessed)
Social institutions and traditions define the context in which power is exercised
Laws and constitutions define the limits and channels of power
Ideas provide a focus around which to mobilize people, and a direction to go
Public opinion constitutes the extent of popular support or opposition