1. The Protestant Reformation SSWH9:d-f.
SSWH9 The student will analyze change and continuity in the Renaissance and Reformation.
d. Analyze the impact of the Protestant Reformation; include the ideas of Martin Luther and John Calvin.
e. Describe the Counter Reformation at the Council of Trent and the role of the Jesuits.
f. Describe the English Reformation and the role of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.

2. Time and Geography See Notes for Videos
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See Notes for Videos

4. RELIGIOUS

5. Martin Luther and the Reformation
Reformation had roots in political, social developments as much as in religious disputes
Heretics had been driven underground or suppressed
German church was ready for reform
Luther opposed church sale of indulgences
His Ninety-five Theses objected to indulgences, doctrine of papal supremacy
Martin Luther and his 95 Theses

6. Luther’s Beliefs
Justification by Faith – salvation could only be reached through faith, not works (as Catholicism taught)
Luther ordered to cease preaching; was excommunicated; and declared an outlaw
Sought protection in Saxony, encouraged to start a national church
Teachings spread rapidly due to his powerful message and the invention of the printing press
Martin Luther

7. Calvin and Calvinism
He saw himself as a servant of an international God
Leading figure in Geneva
Believed papal church was hopeless, must be destroyed
Institutes of the Christian Religion
Most dramatic change was his doctrine of predestination
John Calvin

8. Calvinism and Lutheranism Compared
Faith – Luther believed faith was the only prerequisite to heaven; Calvin demanded works as well, as sign of being one of the Elect
Clerical authority - Luther believed in definite hierarchy of authority within a state church; Calvin insisted on moral independence of church from state
Spread – Lutheranism in German-speaking countries; Calvinism became an international religion

9. Other Early Protestant Faiths
Anabaptists
Believed in adult baptism, sharing of worldly goods
Put down violently
Re-emerged much later as Amish, Mennonites
Zwingli
Similar to Lutheranism but couldn’t cooperate with Lutherans
Attacked; defeated by Catholics; set precedent for settling religious strife by bloody force
Huldrych Zwingli

10. Church of England Origins found in popular resentment against Rome
King Henry VIII’s marital problems caused rift
wanted a divorce, which pope would not grant
Henry issued Act of Supremacy of 1534, naming himself as head of the church in England
King Henry VIII

11. Church of England
Growth of Protestantism until Queen Mary restored Catholicism
Elizabeth I created compromise, keeping Roman theology and doctrine, but leaving monarchy as head of the church
Some Calvinists were not happy with compromise, called themselves Puritans
Queen Elizabeth I

12. RELIGIOUS WARS AND THEIR OUTCOMES TO 1600
Counter-Reformation
Pope Paul III moved to counter some of the problems
Council of Trent examined doctrines, goals; defined what Catholics believed
There was not a clear division between Catholic and Protestant
Jesuit Order organized to win back believers
Inquisition and Index of Forbidden Books used to be sure nobody deviated from established doctrine – expanded Church’s power of censorship

15. Nations and Religions
Peace of Augsburg divided Germany into Lutheran and Catholic sections
England – special form of Protestantism
Scandinavia – Lutheran
Austria, Poland, Hungary – Catholic
Spain, Italy – Catholic
Russia, southeastern Europe – unaffected by Reformation

16. France and the Netherlands
Royalty remained Catholic, large Calvinist minority among nobles, urban population
Henry IV – Calvinist king who became Catholic
Edict of Nantes – gave Protestant Huguenots freedom to worship, hold office
Spanish Netherlands
Ruled by Phillip II of Spain
Hotbed of Lutheran and Calvinist followers
Rebellion aided by English
Spanish Armada sent to invade England
its defeat was victory for Protestantism, loss of power for Spain

17. Legacy of the Reformation
Religious uniformity was irrevocably shattered
Higher literacy and start of mass education
Emphasis on individual moral responsibility
Closer identification of clergy with people they served
Increase in conflicts and intolerance

18. REVIEW

19. Discussion Questions
The term “Reformation” comes from the root word “reform.” When looking at the tremendous changes which occurred during the Protestant Reformation, why do we not describe it as a revolution rather than as reform? What is the difference between these two terms?
2. During the Protestant Reformation, western Christianity split into Protestant and Catholic, and the Protestant church then began to splinter into many different groups, a process which continues today. Yet, Catholicism did not splinter, remaining one church to this day. Why? What differences between these two religious groups can help to explain such different behavior and results?